The primary clinical symptom of Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning is acute paralytic illness produced by paralyzing toxins. Paralytic shellfish poison is formed by a mixture of phycotoxins and their toxicity is due to its reversible binding to a receptor site on the voltage-gated sodium channel on excitable cells, thus blocking neuronal transmission. We studied the effect of the gonyautoxin 2/3 epimers by local infiltration in the anal internal sphincter of healthy voluntary adults in order to reduce anal tone. The toxin was injected after prior clinical evaluation, anoscopy and anorectal manometry. Post injection clinical examination, electromyography and anorectal manometry were performed. Resting and voluntary contraction pressures were measured and the anorectal inhibitory and anocortical reflexes were tested by manometry. Blood and urine samples were obtained from each participant, and hemogram, basic metabolic panel, and urinalysis were done both before and one week after the injection. This study shows, for the first time, that gonyautoxin 2/3 reduces the anal tone by relaxing the anal sphincters in 100 % of the participants. Manometric recordings showed a significant decrease in anal maximal voluntary contraction pressure after the toxin injection, dropping to 55.2 ± 6.2 % and 47.0 ± 6.8 % (Mean Value ± Std.Dev.) of the baseline values at 2 minutes and at 24 hours respectively after the injection. Post-injection electromyography showed that activity of the muscle was abolished. We conclude that local administration of gonyautoxin 2/3 to the anal sphincter produces immediate relaxation and a statistically significant decrease in the anal tone (p <0.001).

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Este artículo propone elementos para el desarrollo de una sociología de las lenguas minoritarias. Plantea la necesidad de un diálogo entre ciencias sociales y lingüística para la caracterización y la situación de dominación lingüística. Para ello propone la complementariedad entre las perspectivas de las ideologías y violencias lingüísticas. En términos metodológicos, el artículo sistematiza la literatura sobre ideologías lingüísticas desarrollada por Krotskity y Silverstein y los trabajos de Pierre Bourdieu sobre violencia y habitus lingüístico. Ambas conceptualizaciones son revisadas a la luz de evidencia primaria y secundaria sobre la situación de la lengua de los mapuches, el mapudungun, en Chile. El artículo concluye con una discusión sobre las posibilidades sociológicas de una liberación lingüística de los pueblos indígenas y mapuche.