Resumo − O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a acumulação de solutos orgânicos e inorgânicos e suas contribuições para o ajustamento osmótico de folhas de pinhão-manso (Jatropha curcas L.) submetido à salinidade. O experimento foi conduzido em delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, com cinco tratamentos (0, 25, 50, 75 e 100 mmol L -1 de NaCl) e quatro repetições. As plantas foram cultivadas hidroponicamente em casa de vegetação, em condições controladas de fotoperíodo (12 horas), temperatura (média de 28ºC) e umidade relativa do ar (média de 65%), com radiação fotossinteticamente ativa máxima média de 700 µmol m -1 s -1 . O potencial osmótico das folhas decresceu progressivamente e variou de -0,84 a -2,05 MPa, enquanto o conteúdo relativo de água aumentou nos tratamentos com 75 e 100 mmol L -1 . Os íons Na + e Cl -foram os mais importantes, em termos quantitativos, e contribuíram com cerca de 52 e 20%, respectivamente, para o ajustamento osmótico das folhas de plantas tratadas com NaCl. A contribuição do K + decresceu de modo acentuado e foi de 17 e 5% nos tratamentos com 25 e 100 mmol L -1 de NaCl. A contribuição média dos solutos orgânicos, açúcares, aminoácidos, glicina betaína e prolina, foi de 5,5, 6, 4 e 0,03%, respectivamente. As folhas de pinhão-manso ajustam-se osmoticamente em presença de salinidade, e mantêm bom nível de hidratação, principalmente por meio da acumulação de Na + e Cl -. A glicina betaína tem papel quantitativo mais importante do que a prolina no ajustamento osmótico, tanto em presença quanto em ausência de salinidade.Termos para indexação: Jatropha curcas, estresse salino, potencial osmótico, solutos orgânicos. Contribution of organic and inorganic solutes to osmotic adjustment of physic nut under salinityAbstract − The objectives of this work were to evaluate the organic and inorganic solutes accumulation and measure their contribution to the osmotic adjustment of physic nut (Jatropha curcas L.) leaves under salinity. The experiment was carried out using a completely randomized design with five treatments (0, 25, 50, 75, and 100 mmol L -1 of NaCl) and four replications. Plants were hydroponically grown under greenhouse controlled conditions of photoperiod (12 hours), temperature (average of 28ºC), relative humidity (average of 65%), and with maximum photosynthetically active radiation average of 700 µmol m -1 s -1 . The leaf osmotic potential decreased progressively, changing from -0.84 to -2.05 MPa, while the relative water content increased in the 75 and 100 mmol L -1 treatments. The relative contribution of Na + and Cl -ions were the most important quantitatively for the leaf osmotic adjustment of salt-treated plants, 52 and 20%, respectively. The relative contribution of K + decreased significantly with added salt, changing from 17 to 5% as the NaCl level increased from 25 to 100 mmol L -1 . The average contribution of sugars, amino acids, glycinebetaine, and proline was approximately 5.5, 6, 4, and 0.03%, respectively. The physic nut leaves exhibited an effective o...
We tested the hypothesis that effective antioxidant and photoprotective mechanisms are able to avoid photodamage induced by prolonged water deficit (WD) followed by high light (HL). We employed cashew plants (Anacardium occidentale L.), a semiarid adapted species, as a model plant. WD-plants exposed to HL did not show alterations in maximum quantum efficiency of photosystem II (Fv/Fm), cellular integrity, H 2 O 2 and thiobarbituric acid reactive species (TBARS) contents, evidencing that they did not suffered photoinhibition and oxidative stress. These responses were associated with increases in ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities, glutathione (GSH) oxidation and ascorbate (ASC) synthesis. This effective oxidative protection occurred in parallel to strong decrease in photosystem II and I (PSII and PSI) activities, increase in heat dissipation (qE), which was related to enhancement in cyclic electron flux. These favorable photoprotective changes were associated with efficient water use in response to HL, all contributing to avoid excess energy in chloroplasts of drought-exposed leaves. These protective features were associated with a tight regulation in D1 protein accumulation during HL, contributing to avoid reactive oxygen species over-accumulation and a subsequent effective PSII recovery during darkness. Our results indicate that cashew plants are able to avoid photoinhibition, tolerating extreme conditions of drought combined with HL. The displayed mechanisms involve essentially integrated responses to balance energy input and output, avoiding oxidative stress.
Resumo -Realizou-se um estudo sobre a absorção e assimilação de NO 3 -em plantas de feijão de corda com o objetivo de analisar como os dois processos se relacionam frente a condições de salinidade, bem como, esclarecer possíveis mecanismos de modulação das plantas sob estresse salino. Plantas com 14 dias, crescidas em solução nutritiva (Sem NH 4 + ), foram submetidas a KNO 3 e NaCl 100 mM por dez dias. Avaliou-se a absorção e o conteúdo de NO 3 -, atividade da Redutase do Nitrato (RN), transpiração, proteínas solúveis e aminoácidos livres totais (ALT). A aplicação do NaCl resultou na redução da absorção líquida e no conteúdo de NO 3 -, principalmente, em raízes. A redução da atividade da RN foi positivamente correlacionada com a redução da transpiração, mas nenhuma relação foi estabelecida com a redução nos níveis e proteínas solúveis, que foi mais eminente em raízes. Os níveis de ALT foram superiores em raízes de plantas controle e tratadas com NaCl. Os resultados indicam um possível mecanismo de modulação devido a menores níveis de proteínas e maiores níveis de ALT em raízes sob condições de salinidade. Em resumo, a salinidade modula negativamente a absorção e assimilação de NO 3 -em plantas de feijão de corda, a princípio pela redução nos níveis de proteínas solúveis e pelo acúmulo de aminoácidos em raízes, e a inibição do tipo não-competitiva pelo NaCl indica que a competição entre NO 3 -e Cl -pelos sítios de absorção não é o fator mais limitante para modular a absorção no NO 3 . Palavras-chave -Aminoácidos livres totais. Estresse salino. Nitrogênio. Vigna unguiculata.Abstract -This present work aims to perform a study on the NO 3 -uptake and assimilation in cowpea plants, analyzing how the two processes are related front to salinity conditions and clarify possible mechanisms of plant modulations under salt stress. Plants with 14 days old grown in nutrient solution (Absence NH 4 + ) were subjected to KNO 3 10 mM and NaCl 100 mM for ten days. Was evaluated NO 3 -net uptake and content, nitrate reductase activity (RN), transpiration, soluble proteins and total free amino acids (ALT). Application of NaCl resulted in reduced net uptake and the content of NO 3 -, mainly in roots. The reduction of NR activity was positively correlated with the reduction of transpiration, but no relation was established with the reduction in the soluble proteins levels, which was more conspicuous on roots. ALT levels were higher in roots of control plants and treated with NaCl. The results indicate a possible mechanism of modulation due to lower protein levels and higher ALT levels in roots under saline conditions. In summary, salinity modulates the uptake and assimilation of NO 3 -in cowpea plants, in principle, by the reduction in the soluble proteins and amino acids accumulation in roots and the non-competitively inhibition by NaCl indicates that competition between NO 3 -and Cl -by the sites is not the most limiting factor to modulate the NO 3 -uptake.
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