Soil organic carbon (SOC) has primary importance in terms of soil physics, fertility and even of climate change control. An intensively cultivated Cambisol was studied in order to quantify SOC redistribution under subhumid climate. One hundred soil samples were taken from the representative points of the solum along the slopes from the depth of 20-300 cm with a mean 1.2 % SOC content. They were measured by the simultaneous application of diffuse reflectance (240-1900 nm) and traditional physico-chemical methods in order to compare the results. On the basis of the results hierarchical cluster analyses were performed. The spatial pattern of the groups created were similar, and even though the classifications were not the same, diffuse reflectance has proven to be a suitable method for soil/sediment classification even within a given arable field. Both organic and inorganic carbon distribution was found a proper tool for estimations of past soil erosion process. Results show SOC enrichment on two sedimentary spots with different geomorphological positions. Soil organic matter compound also differs between the two spots due to selective deposition of the delivered organic matter. The components of low molecular weight reach the bottom of the slope and there can leach into the profile, while the more polymerised organic matter compounds are delivered and deposited even before, on a higher segment of the slope in an aggregated form. This spatial difference appears below the uppermost tilled soil layer as well; referring the lower efficiency of conventional ploughing tillage in spatial soil homogenisation.

The conservation of soil resources is increasingly becoming a critical issue worldwide, with growing interest in carbon stocks and water storage within the soil. Hungary is no exception, and there has been a demand for a country level soil erosion map that incorporates digital information available from the latest surveys and digital mapping campaigns. The map presented in this paper in based on the extremely wet year of 2010, and thus provides users a 1:100,000 scale 'worst case scenario' of soil erosion risk in Hungary (see Main Map). Results from both the Universal Soil Loss Equation and the Pan-European Soil Erosion Risk Assessment models were combined in order to achieve a map that can be used by a wide range of professionals. Both models estimate soil erosion by water in tonnes per hectare per year. ARTICLE HISTORY

Landscape quality has become a fundamental issue in the development of renewable energy (henceforth abbreviated RE) projects. Rapid technological advances in RE production and distribution, coupled with changing policy frameworks, bring specific challenges during planning in order to avoid degradation of landscape quality. The current work provides a comprehensive review on RE landscapes and the impacts of RE systems on landscape for most European countries. It is based on a review by an interdisciplinary international team of experts of empirical research findings on landscape impacts of RE from thirty-seven countries that have participated in the COST Action TU1401 Renewable Energy and Landscape Quality (RELY).

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