La primera ocasión en que se describió el uso de la endoscopia intraoperatoria fue en 1973 por Espiner et al., quienes utilizaron la colonoscopia intraoperatoria con la finalidad de localizar todos los pólipos del colon y recto durante una polipectomía abierta mediante colotomía, pero no fue sino hasta 1994 cuando se describió un control endoscópico transoperatorio en una anastomosis del tracto digestivo, cuando Wittgrove et al. describieron un grupo en quienes se realizó cirugía de bypass gástrico con reconstrucción en Y de Roux. En un principio los cirujanos temían por la integridad de la línea de grapeo al ser sometida a presión al realizar el estudio endoscópico en una anastomosis recién elaborada, sin embargo en la actualidad contamos con evidencia suficiente para demostrar que no es un proceso riesgoso de realizar. En las últimas dos décadas han aparecido múltiples estudios en los que se emplea el control endoscópico transoperatorio en cirugías que involucran anastomosis digestivas, la mayoría de ellos con anastomosis mecánicas y en casi todos los casos con resultados alentadores.
Achilles tendon rupture is one of the most frequent tendon ruptures. Surgical intervention is the best option, but it has a high rate of complications leading to skin infections and necrosis. Extensive and aggressive debridement is necessary, producing tendon exposure and large skin defects. There are many alternatives for the skin coverage of the Achilles tendon, like sequential closures, vacuum assisted closure, local flaps, regional flaps, and more recently and efficiently microsurgery flaps. Skin defects in the Achilles tendon region have many peculiarities in comparison with other parts of the body: it is a zone that is always under mechanical stress due to footwear, this is why it must be highly resistant but thin. Its coverage must have sensitive properties, endure tendon gliding and allow early rehabilitation. Sometimes tendon reinforcement or creation or a neo tendon will be needed. For fulfilling these requirements free flaps by microsurgery are the only option in 90% of the cases. In this review article, we analyze three of the most frequently used free flaps in reconstructive medicine for complex Achilles tendon defects; free radial forearm flap, free radial forearm flap with vascularized flexor carpi radialis tendon and free anterolateral thigh (ALT) flap with vascularized fascia lata. This choice will be determined by the number of tissues involved, size of the defect, etiology of the defect, overall condition of the affected extremity and quality of neighboring tissues.
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