Disease transmission via semen is an extremely adversarial situation in terms of animal husbandry and reproductive productivity. Artificial insemination is the most widely used method in reproductive biotechnology. The main purpose of artificial insemination is to make genetic improvements. Millions of semen doses produce and distributed throughout the world. With this method, semen obtained both domestically and abroad affects animal husbandry throughout the country. Therefore, absolutely semen should be free from all kinds of disease factors. Control strategies should be determined and implemented in the entire process, from semen procurement to storage. Serious measures should be taken in semen production facilities; breeding animals should be checked regularly. Semen obtained from breeding animals in sperm stations should be investigated for various pathogens. Care should be taken to vaccinate the animals, and disease-free herds should be created. The purpose of this review is to review the importance of diseases via semen and the determination of control strategies.
Öz: Biyolojik dokuların vücut dışında canlılıklarını kaybetmeden yıllar boyunca saklanabilmesi kriyoprezervasyon aracılığıyla gerçekleştirilebilmektedir. Kriyoprezervasyon yoluyla dondurulacak hücreler, spermatogenezisi devam eden sağlıklı ve fertil hayvanlardan uygun metotlarla toplanarak elde edilebilmektedir. Günümüzde, erkek hayvanlardan suni vajen, elektroejakülatör, el ile yapılan manipülasyonlar ve epididimal işlemler sonucu elde edilen spermanın kriyoprezervasyonu ile üreme alanında başarılı sonuçlar elde edilmiştir. Ancak çeşitli nedenlerden dolayı infertilite problemi olan hayvanlarda, vahşi hayvan türlerinde ve henüz pubertaya ulaşamamış hayvanlarda sperma direkt olarak elde edilemediğinden, genetik materyalin korunması ve saklanabilmesi için farklı tekniklerin arayışı içerisine girilmiştir. Testiküler dokunun kriyoprezervasyonu, farklı hayvan türlerinde üreme kapasitesinin korunmasını ve nesli tükenmekte olan türler ile henüz pubertaya ulaşmamış hayvanlarda gametlerin uzun yıllar saklanabilmesine olanak sağlayan bir yöntemdir. Bu yöntemle testiküler dokulardan elde edilen spermatozoonlar veya spermatogonial kök hücreler in vitro koşullarda gelişimini tamamlayabilir ve suni tohumlama ya da in vitro fertilizasyon gibi yardımcı üreme uygulamalarında kullanılabilir. Son 30 yılda, çeşitli türlerde başarılı sonuçların alındığı testiküler doku kriyoprezervasyonu henüz optimum materyallerin ve dondurma protokollerinin geliştirilememesinden dolayı detaylı araştırmalara açık ve reprodüktif alanda başarılı ilerlemelere sebep olabilecek bir konu olma özelliği taşımaktadır.
The freezing and storage of the sperm are used cryopreservation of germplasm in livestock breeding, genetic improvement of indigenous species, preservation of rare races, successful tolerance to environmental changes and international germplasm exchanges. Both the freezing and thawing process causes large changes in the volume of the cell fluid. Spermatozoon removes most of its cytoplasm at differentiation stages and lacks the cytoplasmic component that contains antioxidants that counteract the harmful effect of reactive oxygen species and lipid peroxidation. Therefore, the sensitivity of spermatozoa to lipid peroxidation increases during the freezing and thawing of the sperm, which creates a significant mechanical stress on the cell membrane. Oxidative stress is caused by oxygen and oxygen-derived oxidants, commonly known as ROS, and is known as an imbalance between the ability of biological systems to easily detoxify or repair damaged reagents. Uncontrolled ROS production, which exceeds the antioxidant capacity of seminal plasma, causes oxidative stress that is harmful to spermatozoa. All cellular components, including lipids, proteins, nucleic acids, and sugars, are potential targets of oxidative stress. Antioxidants control the chemical degradation of the substrate caused by oxidation, neutralizing free radicals, thereby it is used to minimize the risk of damage to spermatozoa during cryopreservation.
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