Light-emitting electrochemical cell (LEEC) performance is drastically affected by the selection of suitable electrolyte. With the limited n-type doping in MEH-PPV near the cathodic interface, we hypothesized that anions in the electrolyte are critical to attain a higher conductivity p-doped area. Poly­(ethylene oxide)-lithium salts electrolyte systems have been investigated in the LEEC devices to determine the influence of anions on device turn-on voltage and operation. The TFSI– anions showed higher resonance states, low turn-on voltages near the optical bandgap of the emissive conjugated polymer, high ionic conductivity in solid state (1.05 × 10–4 S cm–1), and larger electrochemical stability window compared to conventional CF3SO3 – anion. Device maximal brightness (∼100 cd/m2) can be achieved. Modulated differential scanning calorimetry (mDSC) studies of the polymer blend films correlate the thermal stability and doping effectiveness during operation and delineate the onset of degradation that entails burnout of the devices.

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Understanding patterns of entry and exit decisions and determinants shaping the patterns are necessary for airline planners in drawing a robust route map and gaining their own competitive advantages. The study used logit models to exam the relationship between two separate binary dependent variables: entry versus no-entry, exit versus no-exit, and multiple independent variables. Dataset was extracted from the Bureau of Transportation Statistics DB1B for Quarter 1 of 2018, then was reconstructed based on original and destination (O&D) airport pairs to gain insights. The entry decision pattern model yielded seven significant factors: total passengers, average market fare, number of carriers, distance, low-cost carriers (LCC) existence, origin hub, and destination hub. In the meantime, the exit decision pattern model yielded all the seven aforementioned factors and two other significant factors: route type and the business model of the largest share airline. The findings made a practical implication to airline network planners in considering determinants affecting entry and exit decisions to build a more efficient and profitable network.

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