This article 1 considers the central part of Apulia -the area which partially corresponded to ancient Peucetia -between the end of the 3rd c. B.C. (the dissolution of the Peucetian ethnos, when it was absorbed into the Roman 'confederation') and the beginning of the 4th c. A.D. (the founding of the provincia Apulia et Calabria) 2 (fig. 1). The appearance of the rural landscape and the form and layout of urban spaces as they can be reconstructed 1 This is a synthesis in English of the arguments put forward by the authors at various times and in different places, updated on the basis of new research. Further reflections will be published in a work now in the course of preparation. 2 On the institutional nature and administrative geography of the regio secunda Apulia et Calabria in the time of Augustus, and on the new demarcation of provincial boundaries and the ecclesiastical organization of the region in late antiquity, see Volpe

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‘Gnathia’ pottery samples, dating back to themid-fourth and third century BC, from the archaeological site of Egnazia (Fasano - Brindisi – Italy) have been characterised from the physical-chemical, mineralogical and morphological points of view. Optical and scanning electron microscopy, X-ray energy-dispersive spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction analyses have been carried out on the ceramic body, black gloss, white, yellow and red over-paintings of fragments, with the aim of outlining technological features and defining the nature of coatings and decorations. Analytical results confirm from both a technological and morphological/decorative point of view the close relationship between ‘Gnathia’ pottery and red figured pottery, particularly with the Apulian red figured from which it takes its inspiration. At the same time the experimental results highlight shared characteristics and differences with both Attic and Apulian red figured productions. The biggest difference is in the utilisation of the ‘ingobbio rosso’ layer that covers the ceramic body. This does not seem to be based on aesthetic grounds, as in the case of Apulian red figured pottery, but on application of acquired production processes, since ‘Gnathia’ pottery was made in the same workshops as red figured pottery

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