Three young chimpanzees were each presented with approximately 100 sheets of paper bearing various stimulus figures and allowed to draw on them. This study differed from earlier ones in using quantitative methods to analyze the drawings obtained. Comparison of the results of this analysis with those obtained from subjective judgments confirmed the importance of such methodological refinements. While some of the conclusions of earlier studies by D. Morris and P. Schiller are confirmed here (e.g., tendencies to mark stimulus figures and to fill in large empty spaces), others are not (e.g., tendencies to closure of open figures). The theoretical significance of these chimpanzees' drawings and of simian art in general is discussed.

This study examined differences between long-term exercising (LE) and long-term nonexercising (LNE) women [n = 24; age 56.4 +/- 6.2 (SD) yr] for resting metabolic rate (RMR) and energy expenditure in the free-living state by using doubly labeled water (DLW). There was a statistically significant difference (P = 0.0002) between the 12 LE (94.85 +/- 8.44 kJ . kg-1 . day-1) and 12 LNE (81.16 +/- 6.62 kJ . kg-1 . day-1) for RMR, but this difference was only marginally significant (P = 0.06) when the data (MJ/day) were subjected to an analysis of covariance with fat-free mass as the covariate. The DLW data indicated that the eight most active LE (12.99 +/- 3.58 MJ/day) expended significantly (P = 0.01) more energy than did the eight least active LNE (9.30 +/- 1.15 MJ/day). Energy expenditures ranged from 7.64 to 18.15 MJ/day, but there was no difference (P = 0.96) between the LE and LNE in energy expenditure during activity that was not designed to either improve or maintain fitness. These cross-sectional data on 49- to 70-yr-old women therefore suggest that 1) aerobic-type training results in a greater RMR per unit of body mass and also when statistical control is exerted for the effect of the metabolically active fat-free mass, 2) there is a large range in the energy intake necessary to maintain energy balance, and 3) aerobic training does not result in a compensatory reduction in energy expenditure during the remainder of the day.

The literature is inconclusive as to the chronic effect of aerobic exercise on resting metabolic rate (RMR), and furthermore there is a scarcity of data on young women. Thirty-four young women exhibiting a wide range of aerobic fitness [maximum aerobic power (VO2max) = 32.3-64.8 ml.kg-1.min-1] were accordingly measured for RMR by the Douglas bag method, treadmill VO2max, and fat-free mass (FFM) by using Siri's three-compartment model. The interclass correlation (n = 34) between RMR (kJ/h) and VO2max (ml.kg-1.min-1) was significant (r = 0.39, P < 0.05). However, this relationship lost statistical significance when RMR was indexed to FFM and when partial correlation analysis was used to control for FFM differences. Furthermore, multiple linear-regression analysis indicated that only FFM emerged as a significant predictor of RMR (kJ/h). When high- (n = 12) and low-fitness (n = 12) groups were extracted from the cohort on the basis of VO2max scores, independent t-tests revealed significant between-group differences (P < 0.05) for RMR (kJ.kg-1.h-1) and VO2max (ml.kg-1.min-1) but not for RMR (kJ/h), RMR (kJ.kg FFM-1.h-1), and FFM. Analysis of covariance of RMR (kJ/h) with FFM as the covariate also showed no significant difference (P = 0.56) between high- and low-fitness groups. Thus the results suggest that 1) FFM accounts for most of the differences in RMR between subjects of varying VO2max values and 2) the RMR per unit of FFM in young healthy women is unrelated to VO2max.

#6113 Background: The role of high-dose chemotherapy (HDC) with autologous hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation for metastatic breast cancer has not been well defined. The statistical power of the available trials has limited precision for determining whether HDC has any benefit for this indication, or for any subset of patients.&#x2028; Methods: Individual patient data from the 6 known randomized trials were merged into a single database. The primary endpoint was overall survival (OS): time from randomization to death. The secondary endpoint was progression-free survival (PFS). Cox proportional hazards regression compared the effect of HDC vs standard-dose chemotherapy (SDC) on PFS and OS adjusted for age, trial and hormone receptor (HmR) status (positive if either estrogen (ER) or progesterone (PgR) receptor positive), and other variables. Among the subset analyses considered were by age, HmR status, number metastatic sites, and soft tissue metastases.&#x2028; Results: A total of 846 patients (433 HDC, 413 SDC) had median follow-up of 1.9 years. Median age was 47 years (range 23 to 65). Preliminary analyses show that after adjusting for age and trial, HDC significantly prolonged OS (hazard ratio (HR) 0.86; 95%CI 0.73-1.00; p=0.05) and PFS (HR 0.73; 95%CI 0.63-0.84; p&lt;0.0001). Mean improvement (out to 8 yrs) was 4 months for both OS and PFS. Both age (p=0.023) and soft tissue disease (p=0.0025) had statistically significant interactions with treatment for OS, but neither remain significant after adjusting for multiple comparisons.&#x2028; Conclusions: HDC may have a modest benefit on OS that may be greater in patients younger than 50 years. However, we were not able to draw firm conclusions about age or other subset analyses.&#x2028; &#x2028; Citation Information: Cancer Res 2009;69(2 Suppl):Abstract nr 6113.