Актуальность. Установлено, что несмотря на инфильтрацию опухоли иммунокомпетентными клетками, зачастую плоскоклеточный рак головы шеи (ПРГШ) демонстрирует именно иммуносупрессивный тип микроокружения, что влияет на результаты лечения и диктует поиск новых прогностических маркеров и мишеней терапии. Цель исследования. Изучить состав иммунных клеток при орофарингеальном плоскоклеточном раке (ОФПКР) и тип экспрессии PD-L1 (CPS, TPS) в зависимости от ВПЧ-статуса, пола и возраста. Материалы и методы. В исследование кафедры онкологии КубГМУ на базе ГБУЗ КОД №1, г. Краснодара, с 2020 г. до июня 2022 г. включено 65 р16-негативных (52 %) и 60 р16-позитивных (48 %) больных ОФПКР. У 86 пациентов выполнена оценка уровня TILs, при иммуногистохимическом анализе изучены компоненты иммунного микроокружения по маркерам CD4, CD8, CD68, CD163, CD20, экспрессия PD-L1. Статистический анализ выполнен с использованием статистического пакета IBM SPSS Statistics v. 22. Результаты. ВПЧ-позитивный статус ассоциирован с раком нёбных миндалин (р = 0,021), более высоким уровнем опухоль-инфильтрирующих лимфоцитов (TILs) (p = 0,007), вероятно, за счёт Тregs ввиду более достоверной связи с CD4+ TILs (р = 0,007), чем с CD8+ TILs (р = 0,033). ОФПКР у женщин в сравнении с мужчинами чаще представлен раком миндалин (р ˂ 0,001), характеризуется высокими значениями CD4+ TILs (р = 0,021) и CD8+ TILs (р = 0,035), однако более высоким иммунорегуляторным индексом (ИРИ) CD4/CD8 (р = 0,021). У женщин установлен более высокий уровень экспрессии PD-L1 на опухолевых клетках (TPS) (р = 0,009) и комбинированный показатель (CPS) (р = 0,018), чем у мужчин. Более высокие значения CPS и TPS выявлены при CD4+TILs ˂ 30 % (р = 0,001, р = 0,005 соответственно) и при CD68 ˂ 8,5 % (р = 0,001). N+ связано с высоким уровнем CPS PD-L1. У ВПЧ-позитивных больных выявлен более высокий уровень экспрессии маркера CD20+В-лимфоцитов (р = 0,02) в группе моложе 55 лет и уровень CD4+TILs ≥ 30 ассоциирован с более высокими значениями CD20 (р = 0,002). Заключение. Тип формирования микроокружения ОФПКР и степень иммунной супрессии различается в зависимости от пола, возраста, ассоциации с транскрипционно активной ВПЧ-инфекцией.
Objectives: According to experts from the Moscow City Health Department, prostate cancer (PC), breast cancer (BC), colon cancer (CC), melanoma (MEL) and renal cell carcinoma (RCC) are the most high-cost oncological diseases. The aim of our study was to calculate the costs for each of these nosologies from the point of view of Moscow's budget and compare them with each other. MethOds: To assess the annual costs of drug therapy in Moscow in patients with PC, BC, CC, MEL and RCC we have developed an analytical model, taking into account the data of Cancer Register for 2015 and 2016, as well as literature sources. Results: We have estimated that if the costs of drug therapy for all five of assessed types of cancer are taken as 100%, then the most costly is BC (41% of costs), then MEL (20%), RCC (15%), CC (13%) and PC (12%). We have also calculated, that if the number of patients with all five types of assessed cancer undergoing drug therapy, we would consider as 100%, the highest percentage of them is in BC (50% of all patients), then -PC (36%), CC (9%), MEL (3%) and RCC (1%). cOnclusiOns: The structure of drug therapy costs in patients with PC, BC, MEL, CC and RCC in Moscow shows that the most expensive is the treatment of patients with melanoma (for 3% of patients Moscow City Health Department spends 20% of costs) and RCC (1% of patients cost 15% of costs).
This study aimed to systematically review cost-effectiveness data of trastuzumab as an adjuvant treatment for early breast cancer in Asia. METHODS: Literature search, which ended on February 2018, was performed using five electronic databases (i.e. PubMed, SCOPUS, COCHRANE, CRD and Web of Science). Studies were identified by two independent reviewers in accordance to inclusion and exclusion criteria. References of the included studies were also screened for other relevant reports, with restriction to English language. Relevant data were extracted and assessed for risk of bias. The quality of each study was assessed using the checklist proposed by the Consolidated Health Economic Evaluation Reporting Standards (CHEERS) Statement, Drummond and Philips checklists. To compare different currencies that have been used in the studies, all costs were converted to US dollars (US$) 2018. RESULTS: Six out of 250 studies identified met the inclusion criteria. Five were cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA) and one was cost-benefit analysis (CBA). The majority of the economic analyses were performed from the healthcare provider perspective. All CEA, except one Iranian study, obtained effectiveness data from HERA trial. For the quality assessment, all studies fulfilled more than 50% of the requirements in the CHEERS, Drummond and Phillips checklists. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) for evaluations performed for a time horizon of 20 years was US$51,863/QALY while studies that applied lifetime horizon reported an ICER of between US$7,676 /QALY to 22,664.75 /QALY. The model outcome was generally sensitive to changes in cost of trastuzumab, discount rate and duration of trastuzumab. CONCLUSIONS: One-year treatment of adjuvant trastuzumab for patients with early breast cancer in the Asian countries was found to be cost-effective.
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