We report 3 different cases in which ultrasound-guided percutaneous cryoneurolysis was performed to treat acute pain: 1 patient with refractory incisional pain after percutaneous nephrolithotomy; 1 patient with burns to the foot; and 1 patient with pain from iliac crest grafting. Acute pain associated with surgery or injury is a challenge to treat with local anesthetic-based regional anesthesia techniques when the anticipated pain duration exceeds a few days. Cryoneurolysis is an alternative analgesic method that utilizes extremely cold temperatures to reversibly ablate peripheral nerves and is potentially a novel method for acute pain management.

No abstract

Pseudomonas fluorescens strain CL0145A was discovered at the New York State Museum Field Research Laboratory as an effective agent against the environmentally destructive zebra mussel, which has contaminated US waters. Dried cells of the microbe are being commercialized as an environmentally friendly solution to the problem. We found that antibiotic activity against the Gram-positive bacterium Bacillus subtilis is produced and excreted by this strain. We have carried out studies to optimize production of the antibiotic. Studies were begun in a complex corn meal medium. Activity was found in both cells and culture supernates and was maximal after one day of fermentation. Static fermentation conditions were found to be superior to shaken culture. Production of extracellular antibiotic in complex medium was found to be dependent on the content of sucrose and enzymehydrolyzed casein. Indeed, production was greater in sucrose plus enzyme-hydrolyzed casein than in the complex medium. Of a large number of carbon sources studied as improvements over sucrose, the best was glycerol. An examination of nitrogen sources showed that production was improved by replacement of enzymehydrolyzed casein with soy hydrolysates. Production in the simple glycerol-Hy-Soy medium was not improved by addition of an inorganic salt mixture or by complex nitrogen sources, with the exception of malt extract. In an attempt to keep the medium more defined, we studied the effect of amino acids and vitamins as replacements for malt extract. Of 21 amino acids and 7 vitamins, we found tryptophan, glutamine, biotin, and riboflavin to be stimulatory. The final medium contained glycerol, Hy- Soy, tryptophan, glutamine, biotin, and riboflavin.

Paddy is the major cereal crop grown under standing water condition in agricultural fields. Puddling operation is carried out to facilitate standing water condition by creating an impervious layer in the subsoil surface. Puddling is a land preparation practice that will decide the water requirement in field throughout the cropping period. Different puddling techniques like puddling with cage wheel, rotavator, cage wheel ? rotavator and power tiller operated rotary tool were evaluated in a silty loam soil with one and two passes to understand their effect on puddling quality in terms of puddling index, infiltration rate, penetration resistance and depth of puddling. They were measured using standard procedures. Infiltration rate in puddled soil was reduced with an increase in puddling index. Penetration resistance was increased with an increase in depth for all the puddling techniques. Highest depth of puddling of 18.75 cm was observed in cage wheel and rotavator combined operation. Power tiller operated rotary tool with two passes registered the highest puddling index of 70.91% and lowest infiltration rate of 6.5 mm d -1 . Puddling with rotavator was found to be optimum in terms of puddling index, infiltration rate, depth of puddling and penetration resistance. Hence, it was concluded that rotavator puddling is more suitable for silty loam soil.