1. The grazing habits of Aberdeen-Angus and Hereford beef cows, on pasture without supplementary feed, were studied over continuous periods of 24 hr. during the months of July, August and September. The pastures were from 3 to 7 acres in extent and contained a good growth of Kentucky bluegrass and wild white clover, with an average moisture content of 72 %.2. During each 24 hr. period the cows spent from 7 to 8 hr. only in grazing, whatever the length of the herbage. Of this time, only some 5 hr. could be counted as actually employed in gathering herbage, as the remainder was spent in walking short distances and in selecting the area to be grazed. On the average 60 % of the grazing was performed by day, when the average distance travelled was 2 miles, and 40 % by night, when the cows travelled only about half a mile. With a dense sward of from 4 to 5 in. in height, representing about 4500 lb. green herbage to the acre, each cow was able to consume about 150 lb. of green herbage, or 32 lb. of dry matter, daily. As the amount of green herbage decreased through grazing to 2200 and 1100 lb. respectively, the daily intake was correspondingly reduced to 90 lb. (20 lb. dry matter) and 45 lb. (10 lb. dry matter). On a pasture containing about 5000 lb. green herbage of about 10 in. in height, the average daily intake was only 70 lb. (20 lb. dry matter).3. Records were made also (the average figure for the 24 hr. period being given in parentheses) of time spent in lying down (12 hr.); time spent in cudding (7 hr.); frequency of defaecation (12); amount of manure (46 lb., covering an area of 8 sq. ft.); frequency of urination (9); frequency of drinking (once only, usually in late afternoon); and frequency of suckling calf (3, each for about 15 min. at 8 hr. intervals).4. The application of the results to pasture management is discussed.

Institute at Omsk, Siberia, come reports of progress in his work on perennial wheats-crosses of wheat with Agropyrum. This year for the first time the hybrids were sown by grain drills. Among the various new forms were found strains that mature 5 to 8 days earlier than the "Lutescens-o62," which is considered the earliest producing wheat in northern Russia. Some of the forms gave yields of grain so% greater than wheat, and the grain is described as being of excellent milling quality.The two perennial wheats Nos. 34085 and 23086 are being rapidly multiplied, and not withstanding summer drought there will be over an acre planted next spring.At the All Union Agricultural Fair which opens July 6, 1937, there will be a special series of plats devoted to Dr. Tzitzin's hybrids. Twenty-five wheat-agropyrum hybrids will be planted, and over 8o square meters of land will be devoted to these hybrids. The winter hybrids have already been planted.

The paper as presented consisted of extracts from “Grazing management practices and their relationship to the behaviour and grazing habits of cattle ”, by D. B. Johnstone-Wallace and Keith Kennedy, Department of Agrostology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, which appears in the Journal of Agricultural Science, Vol. 34, Part 4, October 1944. The following excerpts are published by permission of the editors of the Journal of Agricultural Science. As a result of experiments and observations made on the field at Cornell University between 1931 and 1939, a more distinct study of grazing management problems was commenced, the results of which to date are discussed in this paper.

G RASS occupies approximately 53% of the agricultural land of New York State, and 80% of the farm income is derived from the sale of milk and livestock products¯ In general, the pastures are located in fields which, because of their slope or for some other reason, are least suitable for the growing of other crops. Erosion surveys indicate that some pastures have very thin swards that provide only limited protection against erosion. These are usually due to low fertility as a result of previous cropping and erosion and inadequate attention to pasture improvement and management. Pasture growth takes place rapidly during May and early June, but high temperatures combined with low soil moisture seriously restrict production in most seasons between mid-June and mid-August. Experimental work at Cornell University, commenced by Johnstone-Wallace a in I932, has shown that it is possible to maintain a dense and productive sward of grass and wild white clover by adequate fertilization combined with periodical close grazing¯ Wilson 4 has shown that this partial defoliation results in the release of nitrogen from the clover root nodules with beneficial results to the grasses. The investigation reported here was designed to test the effectiveness of similar management practices on soil and water conservation under the severe climatic conditions prevailing at high altitudes in southern New York¯ The experiments

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