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RESUMO:A erva-cidreira [Lippia alba (Mill.) (Mill.) N.E.Brown] is a native species used as a medicinal plant all over Brazil. Citral, a major constituent of L. alba essential oil, is responsible for its sedative activity. The aim of this study was to evaluate the agronomic behavior, content and yield of essential oil and citral in 17 accessions of L. alba from the germplasm bank of University of Brasília -UnB, Brazil. The experiment was carried out from 02/19/2005 to 03/18/2006, in red latosol, at the Federal District, Brazil. The adopted experimental design was in randomized blocks, with three replicates and three plants per plot. The following parameters were evaluated: leaf area, stem length, fresh mass (leaves and stems) production, dry leaf mass production, essential oil and citral content, estimated yield of essential oil and citral per plant, besides characterization of the essential oil aromatic profile. Accessions L41 (0.75%), L45 (0.66%) and L08 (0.62%) showed the highest essential oil content. Accessions L45 (1.32 g pl -1 ) presented the highest essential oil yield, followed by L47 (0.73 g pl -1 ), L41 (0.67 g pl -1 ), L34 (0.67 g pl -1 ) and L33 (0.62 g pl -1 ). Citral content varied from 51.7% (L34) to 75.1% (L09), with an average of 63.6% and predominance of the isomer geranial (36.4%) over neral (27.8%). Accession L45 (0.83 g pl -1 ) showed the highest citral yield. Thirteen accessions presented the chemotype citral; three, the chemotype citrallimonene, and only one had the chemotype citral-myrcene. The results evidenced the potential of accession L45 to produce citral, which can be used to improve the quality of "erva-cidreira" raw material in phytotherapy programs in the country or in breeding programs.