Zusammenfassung
Der Einfluß von α‐Galaktosiden und α‐Galaktosidase im Futter auf ileale Verdauungsvorgänge beim Ferkel
An sechs Ferkeln mit ileorektalen Anastomosen (IRA) wurde der Einfluß von α‐Galaktosiden (27,5 g/kg) mit und ohne Zusatz von α‐Galaktosidase (7,1 U/g) auf ileale Verdauungsvorgänge untersucht. Die ileale Verdaulichkeit von organischer Substanz, Rohprotein und NfE wurde um etwa 20% durch α‐Galaktoside im Futter gesenkt. Bei Stärke betrug dieser Wert nur ca. 3%. Durch den Zusatz von α‐Galaktosiden wurde die Flüssigkeitsretention und die mikrobielle Fermentation, gemessen anhand von ATP und flüchtigen Fettsäuren im Chymus, erhöht. Die höhere Flüssigkeitsretention und mikrobielle Aktivität stimulierte die Darmperistaltik, führte zu Zellwandschäden im Dünndarm und erniedrigte die Hydrolyse der Nährstoffe. Außerdem wurde ein Anstieg von fermentierbaren Substraten in den unteren Darmabschnitten beobachtet, der zu einer Veränderung der mikrobiellen Besiedlung und damit zu erhöhter Durchfallhäufigkeit führen kann. Die Zugabe des Enzyms α‐Galaktosidase konnte das Auftreten dieser negativen Phänomene nicht verringern.
Imazalil and fenpropimorph caused morphological changes in sporidia of Ustilago maydis and in germinating conidia of Penicillium italicum, as observed by fluorescence microscopy using an optical brightener. Sporidia of U. maydis appeared swollen, distorted, multicellular and, sometimes, branched; conidia of P. italicum swelled in size, and extension of the germ tubes was strongly inhibited. Mycelium of P. italicum, treated with fenpropimorph, showed much enlarged hyphal diameters and relatively short distances between septa. Imazalil and fenpropimorph also caused an irregular deposition of β–1,3 and β‐1,4 polysaccharides, probably chitin, in U. maydis and P. italicum. The latter phenomenon is discussed in relation to the following observed effects of fungicides that inhibit ergosterol biosynthesis: differences in effect on the morphology of budding and filamentous fungi; preferential inhibition of yeast‐hypha conversion in dimorphic fungi; disorganisation of septum formation in budding fungi; and inhibition of spheroplast formation from budding fungi.
The degradation of bi~(tri[1-1~C]butyltin) oxide in two soils (1 mg tin kg-l) has been studied under laboratory conditions. Half of the applied compound disappeared from unsterilised silt loam and sandy loam in approximately 15 and 20 weeks, respectively; it disappeared also from the sterilised soils but to a lesser extent. The formation of small amounts of dibutyltin derivatives was established by thin-layer chromatography both in the unsterilised and sterile soils. The amount of unextractable radioactivity increased with time in the unsterilised and sterile soils. In the unsterilised soils 14C was released as [Wlcarbon dioxide in amounts equivalent to 20% of the applied radioactivity for silt loam and 10.7 % for sandy loam over a period of 42 weeks. Almost no [14C]carbon dioxide was released from the sterile soils, confirming microbial participation in the degradation of the compound in the unsterilised soils.
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