Analyses of non-metric characters of the skull and cervical vertebrae were performed among samples of dolphins of the genus Sotalia from the north, northeast and south Brazilian coast (S. guianensis) and also samples from the Amazon River Basin (S. fluviatilis) as part of an osteological descriptive study. The results demonstrated that there was a higher percentage of occurrence of fenestrae in the occipital region (66%) and cervical ribs in the cervical vertebrae (87%) in the riverine species. The vomer in wide shape was more frequent in the riverine species (57%), followed by the intermediate (32%) and narrow shape (11%), that was found to be more frequent in the marine species (66 to 76%). In relation to the lacerate anterior foramen, it was observed that an open/elongated shape is more common in the riverine species (88%). Most samples in the marine species present this foramen divided by a spike shaped projection (72 to 98%). The ventrally visible location of the hypoglossal foramen was more often observed externally displaced in S. guianensis (88 to 98%), while in S. fluviatilis, most samples (87%) presented this foramen internally displaced to the jugular notch, and not visible in ventral view. The fluvial species seems to present neoteny (or maintenance of juvenile characters in adults) in relation to the position of the pterygoids and in development of lacerate anterior foramen.Keywords: Morphology, Sotalia, osteology, skull, cervical vertebrae. Caracteres não métricos nas duas espécies de Sotalia (Gray, 1866) ResumoEste é um trabalho osteológico descritivo entre exemplares do gênero Sotalia da costa Norte, Nordeste e Sul do Brasil e exemplares fluviais da bacia amazônica, analisando caracteres não métricos no crânio e nas vértebras cervicais. A frequência de ocorrência de fenestras na região occipital (66%) e de costelas cervicais (87 %) foi maior na espécie fluvial (S. fluviatilis). Na espécie fluvial, a forma do vômer largo foi mais frequente (57%), seguida da forma intermediária (32%) e estreita (11%). A forma do vômer estreito foi mais frequente na espécie marinha (S. guianensis) (66 a 76%). Em relação ao forâmen lacerado anterior, foi observado que a forma aberta/alongada é mais comum na espécie fluvial (88%). Na espécie marinha, a maioria dos exemplares apresenta este forâmen dividido por uma projeção em forma de espinho (72 a 98%). A localização do forâmen hipoglossal visível ventralmente foi mais observada em S. guianensis (88 a 98%), enquanto que em S. fluviatilis, a maioria dos exemplares (87%) apresentou este forâmen deslocado internamente à reentrância jugular, não podendo ser observado em vista ventral. A espécie fluvial parece apresentar neotenia (ou manutenção de caracteres juvenis no adulto) em relação ao posicionamento dos pterigoides e ao desenvolvimento do forâmen lacerado interior.

Two distinct species have been recently recognized for the genus Sotalia: S. fluviatilis, occurring in the Amazon River basin, and S. guianensis, from Honduras (15858 ′ N and 85842 ′ W) to Santa Catarina State (Florianópolis, southern Brazil-27835 ′ S and 48834 ′ W). For the first time the sternum and the appendicular skeleton of the two species of the genus Sotalia are compared. A comparative osteological work was performed with marine samples (from the States of Ceará, north-eastern and Santa Catarina, southern regions of Brazil) and riverine samples (Amazonas State) in relation to metric characters (scapula, flipper and sternum). There was a clear distinction of two species in relation to postcranial skeleton in the morphometric analysis (canonical variate analysis) presented. The flipper and the glenoid cavity of the scapula were proportionally wider in the fluvial species. The sternum, however, was smaller in this species in relation to the maximum width of the manubrium. Nevertheless, this structure still needs to be further studied.