Methods to determine GaN surface temperature, surface composition, and growth rates using in situ desorption mass spectroscopy (DMS) and reflection high energy electron diffraction (RHEED) are demonstrated for molecular beam epitaxial growth of GaN using NH 3. Using these methods, the GaN surface temperature, To, and GaN growth rates as a function ofT~, Ga flux, and NH 3 flux were obtained. Surface temperatures were determined from DMS and RHEED measurements of the temperature at which Ga condenses on GaN. NH3-1imited and Ga-limited growth regimes are identified and the transition between these regimes is shown to be abrupt. NH 3-limited samples have a weakly reconstructed (2 • 2) RHEED pattern, while Ga-limited samples reveal a transmission pattern. Atomic force microscopy showed that NH3-1imited samples exhibit atomic steps while Ga-limited samples exhibit faceting.

GaN was grown on [Formula: see text] by MBE using NH 3 and a Ga Knudsen cell. The growth kinetics on samples of this polarity were investigated with desorption mass spectroscopy (DMS) and reflection high energy electron diffraction (RHEED). Both techniques were used to observe and control surface termination, Ga condensation and surface temperature. GaN growth and decomposition rates were measured by DMS. Two stable surface terminations were found to exist — N-terminated and Ga-terminated [Formula: see text]. The N-terminated surface also contained hydrogen which desorbed during growth at a rate proportional to the growth rate. Low temperature reconstructions were only observed by adding weakly adsorbed Ga on top of the Ga-terminated surface. During growth two distinct growth regimes were identified: growth under excess NH 3 and growth under excess Ga. Growth is limited in both regimes by GaN decomposition at high temperatures with an activation energy of 3.4 eV. Growth in the excess Ga regime ceased below the Ga condensation temperature. Under conditions of excess NH 3, strong but damped oscillations in the specular RHEED intensity were observed on smooth surfaces. Contrary to previous suggestions, the period of these oscillations did not correspond exactly to integral layer deposition and was not characteristic of a narrow growth front. Further, the growth mode changed from island nucleation to step flow with an activation energy of 1.2 eV. Under conditions of excess Ga, the diffraction was 2-D but RHEED intensity oscillations were not observed, indicating a step flow growth mode. In this latter regime RHEED measurements were very sensitive to termination changes on the [Formula: see text] surface, and the growth rate was found to decrease linearly with increasing Ga flux. This reduction is explained by a model in which weakly adsorbed Ga blocks reaction at strongly bound Ga. A map is presented to provide a framework for categorizing the overall growth.

GaN(0001) has been grown on Al2O3 (0001) by molecular beam epitaxy where NH3 was used as the nitrogen precursor. Desorption mass spectroscopy and reflection high energy electron diffraction (RHEED) were used to monitor the relationship between growth rate and the incident fluxes during growth. Excess surface Ga decreases the GaN formation rate when the substrate temperature is too low or the Ga flux is too high. A simple rate equation is used to describe the observed behavior.

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Abstruct: External wavelength stabilization of high power 9 8 h n pump lasers is observed to caiise an e.~change of power between anipl$eieti spontaneous enzission (ASE) and stimulated emission (SE) over the operating range of the device. This &ct is difjicult to detect in the ,fiber coip[eo' power versus dvive current (L-1) cliaracteristic hecciuse the variations in ASE and SE tend to compensate one another, resulting in a nearly linear relationship between output power and drive ctirrent. This phenonienon becomes evident when the outpit is separuted spectrully into ASE and SE coniponents. and is also evident in tlie rear ,fiicet monitor signal. The exchange between ASE und SE is attributed to an alteration of tlie gain/f&edbach-relationship caused by U shift of /he laser diode cavity modes d a t i v e to the Bragg grating wavelength as drive current is changed.