This paper discusses the composition and nutritional values of a limited number of materials of tropical or sub-tropical origin encountered in advisory work. These products have emerged in recent years chiefly as minor components of compounds and to a lesser extent as ‘straights’. These by-products are olive pulp, grape pulp pellets, grape seed meal, dried coffee residues, citrus pulp pellets, cocoa shell meal, extracted cocoa meal, shea-nut pellets and shea expeller meal, guar meal, illipe meal and cassava meal. Other foods such as cereal by-products and sugar cane molasses are discussed elsewhere, whilst materials that may originally have been by-products of oil extraction such as soya, ground nut and palm kernel, etc., are now such significant parts of the modern sophisticated feed compounding industry that it may be unfair to classify them as by-products in the usually accepted sense. In any case information on them is well documented and readily available and hence they will not be discussed here.The by-products listed above form only a small proportion of the imported feeding stuffs bill but nevertheless can be of economic and nutritional significance in isolated circumstances. Some idea of their overall monetary significance is as follows. The total quantity of imported feeding stuffs other than cereals in 1977 was 1 495 973 tonnes. Of the above list of by-products, only olive pulp and grape residues are listed separately on official lists and each account for less than 1% of the total. Olive pulp imports were 33 457 tonnes and grape residues 11 276 tonnes. Undefined residues from oil extraction, which presumably includes some of the above listed products, amounted to 58 791 tonnes, whilst ‘Other products of vegetable origin’ would account for some other imported products totalling 45 013 tonnes.
Proximate analytical data and estimated metabolisable energy values (for poultry) for 171 samples of oats and 179 samples of barley for 3 seasons are presented. The results showed that both grains were extremely variable in crude protein content, the barley rather more so than oats. In contrast, both cereals were relatively constant in calculated metabolisable energy values with oats being more variable than barley. Some of the more important implications of these results in practical livestock feeding are discussed. It is concluded that it would be worthwhile for farmers who home-mix cereals with concentrates to have samples of grain analysed in order to admix concentrates most effectively and economically. Techniques of sampling however, requiIe to be clearly understood for worthwhile results.
Hay has always occupied a pre-eminent position as a -winter food for British livestock and despite the ever-growing importance of silage and dried grass, it wHl probably continue to be an important constitutent of winter rations.Although a detailed account of the botanical and chemical composition of bog hay has been given by Evans (3) there has been no systematic attempt to study hay as fed to stock in Wales, and the paucity of information regarding its chemical composition is surprising. Moreover, there is an almost complete lack of data on the minor elements of British hays. The present investigation was undertaken with the object of making good these deficiencies, at least, to some extent.During the winter of 1948-49, fifty samples of hay were collected in Cardiganshire, and in 1949-50, fifty each from Cardiganshire and Breconshire, representing in all, 144 farms. All samples were collected by the writers and no attempt was made to select the farms visited which were, however, distributed fairly evenly over the counties and were mainly dairy farms. The individual samples were taken by picking numerous handfiils of the hay being fed at the time, e.g. from the surface of a rick or bay, or along a feeding passage. The composite sample was then sub-sampled for analysis. Since samples were taken over the December-April period, they represented hay fed during the greater part of the winter. It was considered that this method would jdeld reasonably representative results, whereas the sampling of an entire stack is very difficult and often impossible in practice.Although sampling was confined to two counties, it will be apparent that a wide range of conditions was covered, typical of many other areas in Wales. A combination of such natural factors as high rainfall, high altitudes and steep slopes has made fanning in Breconshire and Cardiganshire, as in many Welsh counties, distinctly pastoral in nature with great emphasis on livestock production.The area covered has an annual rainfall varying from just under 35-in. in the Llynfi Valley to aggregates of over 90-in. in the Brecon Beacons, while in Cardiganshire it varies from 40-in. along the coastal belt to 60-in. or more in the highland districts inland. Farms included in the survey were situated at elevations varjdng from sea level to over 1000 ft., overlying several geological formations. Breconshire is underlain almost entirely by Old Red Sandstone rocks with a belt of Carboniferous limestone along the southern boundary and hard and soft Silurian shales, mudstones and grits to the north of the Old Red Sandstone. Cardiganshire soils are derived mainly from Silurian rocks which extend into North Wales. The Plynlimon dome is formed of Ordovician rocks. • D. E. Morgan is now at the N.A.A.S. Sub-oentre, Bangor, North Wales. 161
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