Introduction Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. In Colombia, a Latin-American country, cardiovascular disease accounts for nearly 30% of total deaths. The country has a high heterogeneity in social conditions, health services and ethnicity across the regions. Health is coverage by two main insurances as subsidized for the poor and contributive for formal workers. Purpose The aim of this study was to identify factors related with cardiovascular mortality Methodology A cross-sectional study using data from the official mortality registries of the National Administrative Department of Statistics of Colombia (DANE). Cardiovascular mortality was defined using the International Classification of Diseases 10 (ICD-10) I00–I09, I10–I15, I20–I25, I26–I45, I47–I49, I51, I46, I50, I60–I69, I70, I71–I99 and the corresponding ICD-9. Measures of frequency by region was estimated. Factors related to cardiovascular death were explored using a multilevel mixed-effects logistic regression. Results There were 2,073,275 deaths in Colombia between 2008 and 2017. 74.0% of them was due to noncommunicable diseases, 14.7% to injuries, and 11.2% to communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional diseases. Of total 30.7% (636,987 deaths) were due to cardiovascular causes and 43.3% (897,502 deaths) to other non-communicable diseases. 29.6% of cardiovascular deaths were in people under 70 years of age. The highest proportion of premature deaths was in the San Andrés Island with 36.5%, following by the Orinoquía (34.8%), the Amazonía (34.1%) and the Caribe region (31.3%). Male had higher cardiovascular mortality (OR=1.11, 95% CI: 1.10–1:12) related to women. Compared with people between 15 and 44 years of age, the chance of cardiovascular death increased in the categories of 45–70 years (OR=1.91, 95% CI: 1.87–1.95) and 70 years or older (OR=2.98, 95% CI: 2.92–3.04). Those with African-Colombian ethnicity were more likely to die from cardiovascular disease (OR=1.13, 95% CI: 1.11–1.15) related to those without ethnic recognition and similarly the raizal ethnic group from San Andrés island, OR=1.35 (95% CI: 1.19–1.52). Illiteracy was related with a 32% (95% CI: 1.29–1.36) higher chance of cardiovascular death compared to having a professional degree. Those affiliated to subsidized were more likely to die from cardiovascular disease than those to the contributive insurance OR 1.26 (95% CI: 1.25–1.27) Conclusion Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death in Colombia with little reduction in the proportion of premature deaths over the period. Moreover, in the least wealthy regions the proportion was higher than the national average. Health inequalities was identified related to education, ethnic origin, and type of insurance. A region approach is needed to tackle the determinants of cardiovascular mortality. FUNDunding Acknowledgement Type of funding sources: Public grant(s) – National budget only. Main funding source(s): The researcher David Rebellόn was supported by the Fogarty International Center of the National Institutes of Health under Award Number D43TW006589. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health.

Aim A high-throughput method using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) was developed and validated for the quantitative analysis of antimony in human plasma and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis undergoing treatment with meglumine antimoniate. Methods For this study, antimony was digested in clinical samples with 1% TMAH / 1% EDTA and indium was used as internal standard. Calibration curves for antimony, over the range of 25 to 10000 ng/mL were fitted to a linear model using a weighting of 1/concentration2. Accuracy, precision and stability were evaluated. Results Taking the lower limit of quantitation (LLOQ) to be the lowest validation concentration with precision and accuracy within 20% (25% at the LLOQ), the current assay was successfully validated from 25 to 10000 ng/mL for antimony in human plasma and PBMCs. Dilution studies demonstrated that concentrations up to 100000 ng/mL of antimony in plasma were reliably analyzed when diluted into the calibration range. Conclusion This protocol will serve as a baseline for future analytical designs, aiming to provide a reference method to allow inter-study comparisons.