A multilocus sequence typing (MLST) scheme has been developed for Enterococcus faecium. Internal fragments from seven housekeeping genes of 123 epidemiologically unlinked isolates from humans and livestock and 16 human-derived isolates from several outbreaks in the United States, the United Kingdom, Australia, and The Netherlands were analyzed. A total of 62 sequence types were detected in vancomycin-sensitive E. faecium (VSEF) and vancomycin-resistant E. faecium (VREF) isolates. VSEF isolates were genetically more diverse than VREF isolates. Both VSEF and VREF isolates clustered in host-specific lineages that were similar to the host-specific clustering obtained by amplified fragment length polymorphism analysis. Outbreak isolates from hospitalized humans clustered in a subgroup that was defined by the presence of a unique allele from the housekeeping gene purK and the surface protein gene esp. The MLST results suggest that epidemic lineages of E. faecium emerged recently worldwide, while genetic variation in both VREF and VSEF was created by longer-term recombination. The results show that MLST of E. faecium provides an excellent tool for isolate characterization and long-term epidemiologic analysis.Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium (VREF) has recently emerged as an important threat in U.S. hospitals (5, 24). In Europe, VREF isolates are found relatively frequently in the community and farm animals, while prevalence in hospitals is generally low (14). The latter observation was explained by the use of the glycopeptide avoparcin as an antimicrobial growth promoter in animal feeding operations.Several molecular typing schemes have been developed to study the epidemiology of VREF. Of these, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis analysis of genomic restriction fragments has been considered the "gold standard" for the study of hospital outbreaks because of its high degree of isolate differentiation (15,17,20,23). However, due to this high degree of isolate differentiation, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis typing is less suitable for determining the degree of relatedness among epidemiologically unrelated isolates. Recently, amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) analysis was applied as a new method for the typing of VREF (1, 33). AFLP analysis is a robust and fast typing technique with high intra-and interexperimental reproducibilities and appears to be discriminatory enough for the recognition of hospital outbreaks (1, 32, 33). In addition, AFLP analysis has allowed the detection of associations among different E. faecium genetic lineages and different human and animal hosts (33), suggesting the existence of host-specific VREF lineages. Whether this is also true for vancomycin-sensitive E. faecium (VSEF) is not known, since VSEF isolates were not included in that study. AFLP typing also disclosed two different human-associated lineages. One lineage comprised epidemic-related isolates recovered from hospitalized patients, while isolates of the other lineage were mainly from nonhospitalized persons. Interes...

No abstract

A multilocus sequence typing (MLST) scheme has been developed for Enterococcus faecium. Internal fragments from seven housekeeping genes of 123 epidemiologically unlinked isolates from humans and livestock and 16 human-derived isolates from several outbreaks in the United States, the United Kingdom, Australia, and The Netherlands were analyzed. A total of 62 sequence types were detected in vancomycin-sensitive E. faecium (VSEF) and vancomycin-resistant E. faecium (VREF) isolates. VSEF isolates were genetically more diverse than VREF isolates. Both VSEF and VREF isolates clustered in host-specific lineages that were similar to the host-specific clustering obtained by amplified fragment length polymorphism analysis. Outbreak isolates from hospitalized humans clustered in a subgroup that was defined by the presence of a unique allele from the housekeeping gene purK and the surface protein gene esp. The MLST results suggest that epidemic lineages of E. faecium emerged recently worldwide, while genetic variation in both VREF and VSEF was created by longer-term recombination. The results show that MLST of E. faecium provides an excellent tool for isolate characterization and long-term epidemiologic analysis.Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium (VREF) has recently emerged as an important threat in U.S. hospitals (5, 24). In Europe, VREF isolates are found relatively frequently in the community and farm animals, while prevalence in hospitals is generally low (14). The latter observation was explained by the use of the glycopeptide avoparcin as an antimicrobial growth promoter in animal feeding operations.Several molecular typing schemes have been developed to study the epidemiology of VREF. Of these, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis analysis of genomic restriction fragments has been considered the "gold standard" for the study of hospital outbreaks because of its high degree of isolate differentiation (15,17,20,23). However, due to this high degree of isolate differentiation, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis typing is less suitable for determining the degree of relatedness among epidemiologically unrelated isolates. Recently, amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) analysis was applied as a new method for the typing of VREF (1, 33). AFLP analysis is a robust and fast typing technique with high intra-and interexperimental reproducibilities and appears to be discriminatory enough for the recognition of hospital outbreaks (1, 32, 33). In addition, AFLP analysis has allowed the detection of associations among different E. faecium genetic lineages and different human and animal hosts (33), suggesting the existence of host-specific VREF lineages. Whether this is also true for vancomycin-sensitive E. faecium (VSEF) is not known, since VSEF isolates were not included in that study. AFLP typing also disclosed two different human-associated lineages. One lineage comprised epidemic-related isolates recovered from hospitalized patients, while isolates of the other lineage were mainly from nonhospitalized persons. Interes...

No abstract