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[1] We present measurements of the complete scattering matrix as a function of the scattering angle of a sample of Sahara sand particles collected from a dune in Libya. The measurements were performed at a wavelength of 632.8 nm in the scattering angle range from 4°to 174°. To facilitate the use of the experimental data for multiple-scattering calculations with polarization included, we present a synthetic scattering matrix based on the measurements and defined in the full angle range from 0°to 180°. The Libyan sample consists of large particles distributed over a narrow size distribution which makes it an interesting test case for the Ray Optics Approximation (ROA) that provides accurate results for particles with curvature radii much larger than the wavelength. Numerical simulations using the ROA are compared with the experimental data. Moreover, the traditional ROA was modified with ad hoc simple schemes of Lambertian surface elements and internal screens to study the effects of small-scale surface roughness and internal structures, respectively. Model particle shapes used in the simulations are based on a shape analysis of our sample. The traditional ray optics approximation does not reproduce the experimental data although a significant improvement is obtained if unrealistically spiky particle shapes are used. When the Lambertian schemes are applied the agreement with the experimental data improves. Still, to get a good agreement with the experimental data we need unrealistic spiky particles together with the inclusion of external Lambertian reflections. This seems to indicate that a more refined treatment is needed to reproduce the scattering effects of the small-scale surface roughness of the Libyan sand particles.

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