The objective of this study was to determine if males with a deficient androgen receptor would develop hypertension when crossed with a hypertensive parent Female King-Holtzman rats (n=15), heterozygous for the testicular feminization (Tfm) gene, were crossed with male spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR), and blood pressure was measured weekly from 5-14 weeks in the F, hybrid males. Approximately 50% of the F, hybrid males were Tfm males and androgen receptor-deficient, and 50% were normal. Blood pressure in the parent KingHoltzman males, Tfms, and female rats was also followed for the same time period. The F, normal male hybrids had a significantly higher (p<0.05) systolic blood pressure than the Tfm hybrid males after 12 weeks (195±8 versus 170±8 mm Hg, respectively). Blood pressure in the male and Tfm Holtzman rats was 120±5 mm Hg and 110±6 mm Hg, respectively. Castration lowered blood pressure by 38 mm Hg in the hybrid males and 27 mm Hg in the Tfm hybrids. Female F, hybrids also showed a pressure rise above that of female Holtzman controls (155±6 mm Hg versus 110±6 mm Hg, /><0.01) but lower than the F, males and Tfm hybrids. Ovariectomized females with testosterone implants did not show an elevation in blood pressure. Plasma electrolytes, norepinephrine, and cholesterol were not significantly different between normal and Tfm hybrid males. The results suggest that the presence of an androgen receptor and a testis-derived factor mediate the blood pressure rise in the hybrid males. A Y chromosome effect or sex-influenced locus may be involved since both the normal and Tfm males had significantly higher blood pressures than their female siblings. (Hypertension S ex differences in systolic and diastolic blood pressure by age have been reported in most studies of developed societies. The US Public Health Service National Health Survey, 1 The Tecumseh Study, 2 and similar epidemiological longitudinal studies in Norway, 3 Poland, 4 and Japan 5 have reported that men have higher blood pressure than women at younger ages (second through third decade) with a crossover in women to higher pressures in the fourth to sixth decade. The crossover phenomenon appears to be characteristic of nearly all developed societies and is seen most clearly with systolic pressure. Similar conclusions are reached whether the results are expressed as the mean pressure by age and sex or as prevalence of hypertension. There are only a few blood pressure studies in children, but available data suggest that there are no significant sex differences. 6 These studies and experimental studies suggest that the male sex hormones, specifically testosterone, play a role in the sexual differentiation of hypertension.

Single Nucleotide Polymorphism on exon 2 of leptin gene which changes encoding from Arginine to Cysteine could change the function of Leptin as an obese gene which regulated feed intake and energy expenditure. The aims to analyze point mutation based on SNP exon 2 of Leptin gene of Pasundan cattle. This research used 49 DNA of Pasundan cattle from BPPT SP Cijeungjing. Multiplication of DNA was done by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). Analyze of SNP on exon 2 Leptin gene based on nucleotide sequence from direct sequencing of PCR product which was alligned with leptin gene sequence from gene bank using Bioedit and MEGA 5.2 program. The results showed nucleotide sequence of exon 2 Leptin gene in Pasundan cattle is different from Leptin gene sequence of Bos indicus and Bos taurus. It was found one synonymous SNP that did not change amino acids Serine encoding on S17S, and two non-synonymous SNP which altered amino acids encoding, i.e R25C and R25H. In Pasundan cattle, the frequency of C allele (42.86%) was higher than A allele (31.64%) and T allele (25.50%). Six genotypes were identified i.e. CC (24.49%), CT (32.65%), CA (4.08%), TT (8.16%) and TA (2.05 %), AA (28.57%).

Pasundan cattle is a local livestock that has lived and well adapted in West Java. In 2015, the population declined by 20.96% caused by the high selling prices and changes in land functions. The impact of declining of the population can causes genetic degradation indirectly. One of the efforts to increase the population is selection of cattle based on luteinizing hormone receptor gene polymorphism that can used as molecular selection for reproductive traits. Thirty seven heads of Pasundan cattle with artificial insemination calving records was used in this study. The exon 11 of LHR gene was amplified and subsequently analysed by sequencing method. The sequencing result were found three genotypes of CC, CT and TT in SNP g.1337C>T. The frequency of T allele (0.527) shows more dominant over C allele (0.473). The chi square test showed that Pasundan cattle were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. The heterozygosity value of Ho (0.513) indicating that the heterozygosity value of the LHR gene belongs to high category (>50%). The high genetic diversity of the Pasundan cattle population indicates that there has not been selection program yet. The results of this study can be used as a reference to continue the selection program improving genetic quality in the reproductive traits of Pasundan cattle.