ZUSAMMENFASSUNG:In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird das Verhalten eines Stabilisatorgemisches aus Cadmium-und Bariumoctoat im Vergleich zu den Einzelkomponenten wahrend der Hitzebehandlung von PVC untersucht. Durch das Zusammenwirken der beiden Komponenten in der Mischung erzielt man bei der Stabilisierung von PVC einen sogenannten synergist]schen Effekt. Anhand der Umsatzverteilungskurven der Polyensequenzlangen, die ein Ma8 fur die Verfarbung des Polymeren darstellen, wird gezeigt, welche verstarkte farbstabilisierende Wirkung die Mischung im Vergleich zu den Einzelkomponenten hat. Als Erklarung wird angenommen, daB zuerst die Cadmiumseife mit dem PVC reagiert und da8 das dabei gebildete Cadmiumchlorid durch die Bariumseife wider regeneriert wird unter Bildung von Bariumchlorid. SUMMARY:It is reported on investigations concerning the thermal degradation of heat-stabilized PVC. As stabilizers several mixtures of Cadmium-and Bariumoctoate were applied, as well as the single components of each mixture.There is a pronounced shift towards a better stabilizing effect in the mixture compared with the single compounds. This so-called 'synergism' can also be seen in the retarded discolouration of the polymer in presence of the mixture.As a measure for the discolouration of the heat treated polymer conversion-distributioncurves of the polyene-sequences can be used. The curves demonstrate the enhancement of the stabilizing effect of the mixture in contrast to the single metal soaps. It is suggested that first the cadmium soap reacts with the PVC and that the formed metal chloride then reacts with the barium soap regenerating the cadmium soap.
ZUSAMMENFASSUNG:Bei and PVC take place during heat-treatment:The following reactions between carbonic acid salts of bivalent metals as heat-stabilizers a) chemical HC1-bonding by stabilizers (HCI-acceptance); b) esterification of isolated allylic chlorine atoms in the polymer chains, starting from a complex formed by stabilizer molecules and labile chlorine atoms; c) the stabilizer inhibits formation of longer polyene sequences by exchange reactions of the allylic chlorine atoms with the ester groups of the stabilizer.Reaction a) prevents an autocatalytic acceleration of the HCI splitting off by HCI. Reaction b) eliminates "labile" chlorine atoms of the polymer which are responsible for the thermal instability of PVC. Reaction c) prevents the formation of longer polyene sequences, which absorb in the visible range of the spectrum.
SUMMARY:The residual stability of a PVC-compound, stabilized by a solid stabilizing agent, was measured by degradation experiments in bulk under pure nitrogen at 180 "C. Several samples of different processing times were prepared by thermomechanical treatment on an extruder. Investigations of the residual stability showed an increasing tendency after the first runs, and then a decrease in stability. The same experiments were performed with a plasticized PVC-compound. Instead of an increase of the residual stability in the beginning of the thermomechanical treatment, a continuous decrease was observed. The same result was found by application of a liquid stabilizing agent to unplasticized PVC.
ZUSAMMENFASSUNG:Bei der kunstlichen und natiirlichen Bewitterung von weiBen Fensterprofilmustern beobachtet man haufig eine Vergilbung, die mefltechnisch verfolgt werden kann durch Erfassung des b-Wertes. Diese Vergilbung entsteht wahrend der Dunkellagerungsphase und wird mit der Lange der Dunkellagerung verstarkt, bis sie eine gewisse Sattigung erreicht. Bei erneuter Exposition im Freien oder im Bewitterungsgerat ist diese Vergilbung reversibel. Es liegt die Vermutung nahe, dal3 es sich um ein Gleichgewicht zwischen Vergilbung im Dunkeln und Ausbleichen im Hellen handelt. Hierzu wurde ein Mechanismus vorgeschlagen, der den Zerfall von unter Sonneneinstrahlung gebildeten zyklischen Peroxiden im Dunkeln beinhaltet.Als Konsequenz dieser Arbeit sollte bei der Beurteilung von weil3em PVC-Material fur den AuBeneinsatz immer sofort nach Ende einer Expositionszeit die Farbveranderung gemessen werden, um Fehlmessungen, die durch langeres Lagern entstehen konnen, zu vermeiden und wirtschaftlichen Schaden von dem Produzenten abzuwenden. SUMMARY:When white window profile samples are artificially and naturally weathered, a yellowing is often observed that can be followed by measuring the b-value. This yellowing occurs during the dark storage phase and becomes increasingly pronounced the longer the duration of dark storage until it reaches a certain saturation point. With renewed exposure in the outdoor or in the weathering instrument this yellowing is reversible. This suggests that there is an equilibrium between yellowing in the dark and bleaching in the light. A mechanism was proposed for this that entails decomposition in the dark of cyclic peroxides formed by exposure to sunlight.As a result of this work, when assessing white PVC materials for outdoor use the color change should always be measured immediately at the end of the period of exposure. This will avoid measuring errors that can result from longer storage times and avert commercial losses from the manufacturer.
ZUSAMMENFASSUNGTechnische Polyvinylchloride verschiedener Herkunft unterscheiden sich teilweise stark in der Geschwindigkeit der thermischen Chlorwasserstoffabspaltung und in der Verteilung der dabei entstehenden Polyensequenzlangen. I n Gegenwart von Diphenylbleidichlorid wird die DehydrochIorierung von Polyvinylchlorid beschleunigt, wobei jedoch infolge Verschiebung der Polyensequenzliingenverteilung eine weniger starke Verfiirbung als bei reinem Polyvinylchlorid auftritt. Dagegen bewirken echte Stabilisatoren sowohl eine Verzogerung der Chlorwasserstoffabspaltung als auch eine Verschiebung der Sequenzliingenverteilung nach kurzeren Polyensequenzen. Die Ursachen hierfur werden am Beispiel von Blei-und Cadmiumoctoat als zugemischten Stabilisatoren und fur innerlich stabilisiertes Polyvinylchlorid diskutiert . SUMMARY :The rates of dehydrochlorination of commercial poly (vinyl chlorides) and the distribution of the lengths of the resulting polyene sequences may vary widely depending on the origin of the polymer. -In the presence of diphenyllead dichloride the rate of dehydrochlorination is increased, while the resulting discoloration is less intense compared to that of pure poly (vinyl chloride) because of a shift of the polyene sequence lengths distribution. Genuine stabilizers, on the other hand, effect retardation in dehydrochlorination as well as a shift of the sequence lengths distribution towards shorter polyene sequences. The causes for this behavior of admixed stabilizers using lead and cadmium octoate as examples as well as of internally stabilized PVC are discussed.
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