Summary Complement is traditionally thought of as a pro-inflammatory effector mechanism of anti-tumor immunity. However, complement is also important for effective clearance of apoptotic cells, which can be an anti-inflammatory and tolerogenic process. We show that localized fractionated radiation therapy (RT) of subcutaneous murine lymphoma results in tumor cell apoptosis and local complement activation. Co-treatment of mice with tumor-targeted complement inhibition markedly improved therapeutic outcome of RT, an effect linked to early increases in apoptotic cell numbers and increased inflammation. Improved outcome was dependent on an early neutrophil influx, and was characterized by increased numbers of mature dendritic cells and the subsequent modulation of T cell immunity. Appropriate complement inhibition may be a promising strategy to enhance a mainstay of treatment for cancer.

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