Physiological measurements are made directly on human talkers to determine several dynamic laryngeal functions. The functions are control variables in a speech synthesizer which utilizes acoustic models of the vocal cords and vocal tract. The functions are measured simultaneously and recorded on multichannel FM tape. They are the time variation of vocal-cord (glottal) opening (Ag); the electromyographic (EMG) potentials of three laryngeal muscles-posterior crico-arytenoid (PCA,), interarytenoid (IA), and cricothyroid (CT); the subglottal air pressure (Ps); the speech output sound pressure waveform (P); and timing pulses from a digital clock. Preliminary data for ten utterances by a man are digitized by a multiplexed A/D converter on a DDP-516 computer, and the results are stored in disk file for analysis. Bandwidth of the multitrack FM playback is 2800 Hz. Each function is sampled at 6250 sec • and quantized to 16 bits. Digital filtering is applied to remove de offsets and enhance information features. The acoustic functions (Ag, Ps, and P) are submitted to programmed pitch analysis. The results show how voice periodicity can be manifested differently at the glottal and sound-output levels. A typical instance is vocal-cord vibration throughout the occluded phase of a voiced stop consonant. The EMG functions are analyzed by computing short-time energy. The results are correlated with voicing onset/offset and with voice pitch. PCA energy is shown to be correlated with voicing offset, and anticipatory to it by about 20-30 msec. IA energy is shown to be correlated with voicing onset, and anticipatory to it by about 40-50 msec. CT energy is found to be nearly directly correlated with the frequency contour for voice pitch. Direct utilization of these physiological parameters for speech synthesis is suggested.

The study focused on effect of admin internal control on performance in telecommunications industry in South South and South East Nigeria. The study employed a descriptive survey research design. Instrument adopted for the study is a structured questionnaire based on simple random sampling method. In addition, interview was also employed to serve as a compliment for the questionnaire. Reliability of the research instrument was tested using the Cronbach Alpha method which revealed that the instrument is reliable. The result of Durbin Watson revealed that the data is free from autocorrelation. Data analysis was done using both descriptive and inferential analysis technique. Descriptive statistics was used to give insight on the respondents profile while inferential statistics was used in the conducting of hypotheses. The five research questions for the study were analyzed using multiple regression model. The study shows that the five null hypotheses were rejected while the five alternative hypotheses were accepted (organization’s internal control environment (p=0.000<0.05, ?=0.890); risk assessment (p=0.000<0.05, ?=0.242); control activities (p=0.001<0.05, ?=0.092); information and communication (p=0.000<0.05, ?=0.115); monitoring (p=0.000<0.05, ?=0.307)). The study concluded that organization’s internal control environment, risk assessment, control activities, information and communication, and monitoring aid and has a positive influence on organizational performance.

Simultaneous physiological measurements were made for several articulartory functions during connected speech. Electromyographic (EMG) activity in three laryngeal muscles, subglottal air pressure, transillumination of vocal-cord motion, and the speech sound wave were recorded on multitrack FM tape. The data were obtained in a clinical environment by Dr. Thomas Shipp of the San Francisco Veterans Hospital. These data were then digitized using a multiplexed seven-channel A/D converter with a sampling rate of 6250 Hz per channel. Computer analysis was performed to study relationships between the physiological data and articulatory events. The three EMG signals (representing, respectively, the activity of the posterior crico-arytenoid, the thyroarytenoid, and the crico-thyroid muscles) were processed to display their energy as a function of time. The time variation of fundamental frequency (voice pitch) was analyzed from the speech waveform, from the fine-structure variations in the subglottal pressure, and from the transillumination of vocal-cord motion. Further, voiced/unvoiced distinctions were analyzed from the speech waveform and from the transillumination data. The results permit correlations to be calculated between the EMG signals and the dynamic behavior of the vocal-cord system.

An important practical application of signal processing theory is the problem of complex tone detection. Within the telephone plant there often arises a need for a simple, yet efficient, method for detecting the various tones which are used in telephone communication. Two such methods are discussed in this paper. One method uses measurements of the short‐time signal energy and makes the decision as to whether or not there is a particular tone present on the line based on the periodicity of the envelope of the signal. This method has application in determining if the energy on the line is periodic or aperiodic where sample examination time is not limited. The second method uses measurements of the short‐time zero crossings of the signal. A parallel processing scheme is used to determine if a particular tone is present based on the detailed statistical properties of each of the tones. This method has application in determining if specific frequencies are present, especially when the examination time of the sample is limited. Using a large number of dialed‐up connections, both systems were evaluated as to accuracy and speed. Results are presented which show the properties of the two tone detection methods.