To apply the point‐dilution method of measuring the rate of ground water flow by tracers, the distortion of the flow field by the well must be known. The distortion can be calculated with sufficient accuracy if the permeabilities of the aquifer, k3, of the gravel pack, k2, and of the well screen, k1, fulfill the condition k3 ≤ k2 ≤ k1. The tracer must be adequately mixed during the dilution procedure. Experiences obtained from model tests are applied in investigations in the field. By using peak‐to‐peak and total count methods in wells where vertical flow occurred, we could determine the depths and the rates of inflow and outflow, which relate to seepage under dams and water exploration. To determine the direction of ground water flow, a radio tracer was injected into a well‐screen section and, after having left the well‐screen, was detected by a collimated detector. The use of tracers that are fixed on the soil is advisable; 198Au, having been homogeneously distributed within the dilution volume initially, has proved most suitable. Strong vertical currents in the well represent a serious obstacle in field measurements of the rate and of the direction of ground water flow.

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Seven experimental lysimeters were filled with different soil materials and used to study water flow and tracer transport through the unsaturated zone under natural atmospheric conditions during an eight year period (1984)(1985)(1986)(1987)(1988)(1989)(1990)(1991). The study of soil characteristics and water flow was presented in Part 1. The present paper focuses on environmental deuterium transport. The concentrations of environmental deuterium were measured in both precipitation and the water outflowing from the lysimeters. Two model approaches were used to describe tracer transport. The numerical solution of water flow and twophase mass transport equations, referred to here as the variable flow dispersion model (VFDM), can exactly simulate spatial and temporal distribution of flow and transport parameters. The fitting parameters of VFDM are the soil characteristics, the longitudinal dispersivity, the fraction of immobile water and the transfer constant between mobile and immobile water. However, the application of the VFDM for detailed transport simulations requires an adequate database, which is typically not available. That was the reason to introduce a second model, the lumped-parameter steady-state dispersion model (DM). This model assumes dispersive distribution of the transit time of a tracer particle between input and output from the system, has two fitting parameters: the apparent dispersion constant and the mean transit time of the tracer, and requires only input and output concentrations of tracer as a function of time. Both models were calibrated to the experimental data with similar accuracy. Using the VFDM it was possible to fit output concentrations with the same accuracy assuming that the entire volume of water takes part in motion. The results obtained with the DM demonstrated that this simple steady-state approach can be applied successfully to describe tracer transport under variable flow conditions. Both models have shown that, under applied experimental conditions, it is practically impossible to discover the existence of immobile water in the system. Key words environmental deuterium; lumped-parameter approach; lysimeter experiments; mathematical modelling; transport parameters; unsaturated zone Modélisation de transfert hydrique dans des sols typiques de Bavière: 2. Transport de deutérium environnemental Résumé Sept lysimètres expérimentaux ont été remplis de différents matériaux de sols et suivis pour étudier les transferts hydriques et le transport d'un traceur à travers la zone non saturée, sous conditions atmosphériques naturelles, pendant une période de huit ans (1984)(1985)(1986)(1987)(1988)(1989)(1990)(1991). L'étude des caractéristiques des sols et des transferts hydriques a été présentée dans la Partie 1. Cet article est centré sur le transport de deutérium environnemental. Les concentrations de deutérium environnemental ont été mesurées dans les précipitations et dans l'eau sortant des lysimètres. Aucun enrichissement isotopique du deutérium lié à l'évaporation ou à un...

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