A 90‐day growth trial was conducted with common carp, Cyprinus carpio L., to test the suitability of mixed feeding using a plant‐based low‐protein diet (16% ‐diet A), and two fish‐meal‐based diets of 26% protein (diet B) and 31% protein (diet C). Three mixed feeding schedules were tested: 1A/2B, 2A/2B and 2A/2C; numerals refer to number of days each diet (A, B or C) was offered continuously. Fish fed diets A, B or C continuously served as controls. Fish grown on diet A grew the least, while there was no significant difference between those fed on diets B or C. Of the three mixed schedules, 2A/2C produced the highest growth, which was better than that on control diets B or C. Specific growth rate (%) and food conversion ratio and protein retention were found to be good for all mixed feeding schedules. The plant protein diet resulted in poor‐quality flesh as indicated by carcass composition. The study supports the view that fish can be fed alternately with animal‐ and plant‐protein‐based diets of varied protein levels. This practice would help to reduce protein input, and would contribute to the efficient utilization of low‐quality, plant‐protein‐based diets.

Abstract. The applicability of mixed feeding schedules using low‐and high‐protein diets was evaluated by three on‐farm field trials conducted in fertilized earthen ponds. Rohu, Labeo rohita (Hamilton), and common carp, Cyprinus carpio L., were used in the first two trials, and catla. Catla catla (Hamilton‐Buchanan), was also included in the third trial. The concept of a mixed feeding schedule was tested using a 1:1 rice bran‐groundnut meal cake mixture, a commonly used feed in Indian carp culture. In a mixed feeding schedule, two feeds are used alternately, each for a predetermined number of days. In the present study, one of three such mixed feeding schedules was used in conjunction with one of two control diets. The control diets were rice bran (diet A) or a mixture of rice bran‐groundnut meal cake (diet B). The mixed feeding schedules tested were: 1A/1B, 1A/2B and 1A/3B (numerals indicate number of days diet A or B was offered continuously). Diet A (rice bran only) induced significantly poor growth in all treatments. Interestingly, growth in the mixed feeding schedules was generally equal or superior to that when fish were fed with diet B. Growth efficiency indicators such as SGR. FCR and PER were found to be good for fish maintained on certain mixed schedules. Savings of 15–31% protein and 10–20% of the feed cost were achieved with the various schedules, the highest saving being achieved with the 1A/1B schedule. Nitrogen retention was higher in fish treated with mixed schedules. The results demonstrated the usefulness of mixed schedules in reducing nitrogen input, output and feed costs.

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Abstract:A study was conducted on effect of biovita granules and liquid on growth and yield of cotton during Kharif 2014 and 2015 in deep black soil at ARS, Dhadesugr, University of Agricultural Sciences, Raichur, Karnataka. Pooled data revealed that, cotton yield and green biomass yield were significantly (p=0.05) higher in the treatment with the application of biovita granule at 12.5 kg per hectare at one month after sowing followed by first spray of biovita liquid at 500 ml per hectare at square formation followed by second spray of biovita liquid at 750 ml per hectare at flowering and followed by third spray of biovita liquid at 750 ml per hectare at boll formation (1450 kg/ha and 1463 g/plant, respectively) and which was on par with the application of biovita granule at 10.0 kg per hectare at one month after sowing followed by first spray of biovita liquid at 500 ml per hectare at square formation followed by second spray of biovita liquid at 750 ml per hectare at flowering and followed by third spray of biovita liquid at 750 ml per hectare at boll formation (1377 kg/ha and 1439 g/plant, respectively). Whereas, application of only recommended dose of fertilizer recorded significantly less cotton and green biomass yield compared to other treatments. The average per cent of increase in yield in biovita applied treatments (T 1 to T 8 ) over the no application of biovita treatment (T 9 ) was 7.13 %.

Book Reviews M sodium bis(2-methoxyethoxy)aluminium hydride in benzene. The resulting mixture was heated under reflux for 6 h. The reaction mixture was cooled, and excess hydride reagent was destroyed by addition of 10 mL of H20. Excess 50% KOH was added to dissolve A1 salts. The organic layer was separated and was washed with two 50-mL portions of H20. The organic layer was dried (Na2S04) and filtered, and the filtrate was evaporated under reduced pressure to give 2.7 g (95%) of an oil. Treatment of this material with ethereal HC1 afforded a white solid, which was recrystallized from 2-Pr0H-Et20, mp [130][131]