The fourth example of human anti-LKE was identified in the serum of an antenatal patient. Study of the red cells of the proband and her family confirmed the recessive inheritance of the LKE- phenotype. The blood groups of the family confirmed that Pk expression is greater on cells from LKE- members than on those from LKE+ members. In this family, the expression of LKE varied with the P1 phenotype. LKE- individuals occurred with an incidence of 0.0017 in the donor population of the Glasgow and West of Scotland Region.

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Displacement of pathogenic Fusarium species from cereal residues by other fungi is an important mechanism for the effectiveness of fallows and crop rotations on disease management, as well as in potential biological control. The effect of fluctuating environmental conditions on the rate of displacement was assessed using two different approaches. In the first, wetness durations between 4 and 10 h were simulated by spraying water onto straw inoculated with F. pseudograminearum and antagonists in a greenhouse. For a given cumulative period of wetness, displacement of F. pseudograminearum was generally higher for short (4 h) wetting durations than longer (10 h), indicating that it was the number of wetting events, rather than their individual durations, that determined rate of displacement.

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