A retrospective study on the epidemiology of foot and-mouth disease (FMD) in Karnataka, India between the years 1977 and 2012-13 based on the data collected through passive and active surveillance was undertaken. A total of 11,159 outbreaks with 0.271 million cases of FMD were recorded from 30 different revenue districts of Karnataka. There was a significant difference between the years for the annual incidence of FMD (P = \0.001, F = 19.10) and also between the months (P = \0.001, F = 4.22). Cattle and buffaloes were the predominant species affected being involved in all of the outbreaks reported. A significant correlation was observed between livestock density and the number of outbreaks reported (r = 0.70, p \ 0.02), and number of cases (r = 0.76, p \ 0.01) for all the agro-climatic zones. The Central dry zone (n = 2257, 19.89 %) reported the highest number of outbreaks followed by the Northern dry zone (n = 1881, 16.58 %) and the Southern transition zone (n = 1761, 15.52 %), and attack rates were concentrated in the North/Northeastern/Central dry and transition zones. A large majority of the outbreaks were caused by serotype O (64.04 %), followed by Asia 1 (19.87 %) and A (12.27 %). Serotype C was not reported since 1993 in the state. In recent years, serotype O has dominated (82.59 %), with the rest of the outbreaks being almost equally caused by A (9.01 %) and Asia 1 (8.40 %). The study highlights the significance of the O serotype and cattle as the main indicator species in the epidemiology of FMD in Karnataka, India. The findings from this study can be used as baseline epidemiological data for further research to identify endemic and epidemic areas for the development of a sustainable programme for the progressive control of FMD in the state of Karnataka as well as other endemic settings.

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The prediction of potential evapotranspiration (PET) is quite important task for reliable management of irrigation systems. This article is generally based on the models which try to mimic the actual occurrence of the Potential evapotranspiration in the future days for a Raichur district. In this study the potential evapotranspiration was estimated with the help of max and min temperature (°C) data using a Thornthwaite method and the prediction was carried out using the seasonal Autoregressive moving average method (SARIMA). The models were developed based upon autocorrelation function (ACF) and partial autocorrelation function (PACF). Furthermore, the model with the least Akaike Information Criteria (AIC) and Bayesian Information Criteria (BIC) values were selected. The models selected for different stations were ARIMA(2,0,2)(1,1,2)12, ARIMA(1,0,1)(2,1,0)12,  ARIMA(1,0,1)(1,1,2)12 and ARIMA(1,0,1) (2,1,0)12  for Riachur, Manvi, Sindhanuru and Lingasuguru respectively.  Furthermore, the results showed that the models developed for Manvi and Sindhanuru were found to be quite promising compared to the other two stations. All four models were found to be producing better results up to a lead time forecast of one month. The models provided significant potential in improving the decision making in irrigation planning and command area management practices for better management of water resources.

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