Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ 10) supplementation has been reported to be beneficial in treating a variety of health conditions and diseases, with more than 200 clinical trials investigating its use as a drug or dietary supplement. Numerous reviews of the safety and clinical potential of CoQ10 have been published. Successful treatment and efficacy is dependent on the bioavailability of CoQ 10, which is well known to be poor because of its lipophilic nature and large molecular weight. A number of recent clinical trials on CoQ 10 have investigated new formulations of CoQ10 for improvements in absorption and bioavailability. This review provides an update of clinical efficacy trials using CoQ10 and describes recent advances in formulation technology to improve the bioavailability of CoQ10. The authors also discuss a new method to improve the standards of reporting the bioavailability results of such advanced CoQ10 formulations to help clinicians and consumers make informed decisions.

BACKGROUND Spleen is the largest lymphoid organ playing a vital role in the defense mechanism of the body and performs a unique function of filtration of blood by phagocytes. We wanted to study the morphological variations and to compare the results with previous findings and to unearth the so far unnoticed features of the spleen. METHODS This is a descriptive study. 60 human cadaveric normal spleens were studied. The morphological features of the spleen such as shape, surfaces, poles, and measurements of borders, weight, thickness, notches, fissures, lobes, lobules, hilum and accessory spleens have been studied. RESULTS Spleens showed many shapes and they were classified into 15 forms. Most of the spleens were wedge shaped [31.66%, ], followed by triangular [11.6%], rounded [10%], tetrahedral [8.3%], irregular [8.3%], oval [5%], bilobed [5%], trilobed [5%], heart shaped [3.3 %], cone shaped [1.6%], tent shaped [1.6%], orange peel [1.6%], foot shaped [1.6%], fork shaped [1.6%] and lobulated [3.3%]. Length, breadth, thickness and weight, varied between 6 cm-15 cm, 4.5 cm-11.5 cm, 1.5 cm-3.5 cm and 70-180 grams respectively. Medial and lateral ends, surfaces, borders, notches, lobes and lobules and fissures were noted in most of the spleens. In circular, irregular conical, tent shaped spleens, the borders could not be identified properly. 96.6% of spleens showed notches on their superior border. 3.4% of spleens were without notches. Notches were absolutely absent in inferior border. Fissures were noticed on both the surfaces in 11.6% of spleens. Two accessory spleens were noticed out of 60 spleens. One accessory spleen was found near the hilum. It was pea shaped and pea sized. Another accessory spleen was oval in shape situated on a deep depression on the visceral surface of the spleen connected to it by a bridge of splenic tissue and supplied by small branches of splenic artery. It measured about 3 cms. in diameter. CONCLUSIONS The knowledge of different shapes of the spleen, variations in dimensions, absence/presence of notches in unusual sites, occasional presence of fissures on the surfaces, lobes and lobules and presence/absence of accessory spleens is important for physicians, surgeons, radiologists and anatomists.

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BACKGROUND Long bones receive majority of its nourishment through nutrient arteries. These arteries enter long bones through nutrient foramina. It is important to have an understanding of diaphyseal nutrient foramina in femur, especially in orthopaedic surgical procedures. The aim of the study is to evaluate the common number, location & direction of nutrient foramina of femur. MATERIALS AND METHODS This is a descriptive study of 100 cleaned and dried human adult femora which were taken from Department of Anatomy, Guntur Medical College, Guntur and Osmania Medical College, Hyderabad and each femur was studied for location, direction & number of nutrient foramina. RESULTS The mean number of nutrient foramina per femur bone was 1.43 and mean distance of nutrient foramen from upper end was 20.5 cm. The foraminal index obtained was 49%. The commonest location of the nutrient foramen was on linea aspera {55.2%}. 52% of femora had only one nutrient foramen, while 44% had two nutrient foramina. 82.5 % of nutrient foramina were observed in the middle third of femur. All femora observed have the nutrient foramen directing upwards. CONCLUSION The study on nutrient foramina of long bones has clinical significance in interventional procedures like orthopaedic transplant techniques & microvascular bone transfer procedures.

Introduction: Knowledge of position of nutrient foramina of long bones can be useful in certain surgical procedures. Bone ossification, growth and healing depend on its vascularity. Nutrient artery is the main source of blood supply of bone along with periosteal arteries. The topographical knowledge of these foramina is useful in certain operative procedures, in orthopedics as well as in plastic and reconstructive surgeries. AIM: The present study aims to determine the number and position of nutrient foramen of tibia and fibula and to observe direction and obliquity of nutrient foramina. Subjects and Methods: 100 adult dry bones including 50 tibia and 50 fibula were studied. Nutrient foramina were identified with naked eyes. The obliquity was determined with hypodermic needle. The nutrient foramina location was determined by dividing total bone into segments, the locations were validated by calculating foraminal index. Results: It has been observed that 98% (49) tibia has single nutrient foramina, double nutrient foramiana present in 2%of tibia. Most of the nutrient foramina in tibia are present in upper third i.e 65% (33). Foramina index of tibia is 45.05 with standard deviation of 8.29.In fibula single foramen was observed in 46 (92%) and double foramina 2 (4) and there is no nutrient foramen in 2 (4). In 2 fibulae having double nutrient foramen, proximal foramen was directed downward and distal foramen was directed upwards. In 50% ( 25) nutrient foramina is present in posterior surface, most of nutrient are in middle third 48 (96%).mean foraminal index of fibula is 45.05 with standard deviation of 8.29. Conclusion:Our study has attempted to put together findings from different studies regarding the number and position and obliquity of nutrient foramina of leg bones .The present study will be useful for orthopedic surgeons during procedures like bone grafting and more recently microsurgical vascularised bone transplantation and new graduates to understand the importance of nutrient foramina of long bones.