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Background-In vivo methods to evaluate the size and composition of atherosclerotic lesions in animal models of atherosclerosis would assist in the testing of antiatherosclerotic drugs. We have developed an MRI method of detecting atherosclerotic plaque in the major vessels at the base of the heart in low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor-knockout (LDLR Ϫ/Ϫ ) mice on a high-fat diet. Methods and Results-Three-dimensional fast spin-echo magnetic resonance images were acquired at 7 T by use of cardiac and respiratory triggering, with Ϸ140-m isotropic resolution, over 30 minutes. Comparison of normal and fat-suppressed images from female LDLR Ϫ/Ϫ mice 1 week before and 8 and 12 weeks after the transfer to a high-fat diet allowed visualization and quantification of plaque development in the innominate artery in vivo. Plaque mean cross-sectional area was significantly greater at week 12 in the LDLR Ϫ/Ϫ mice (0.14Ϯ0.086 mm 2 [meanϮSD]) than in wild-type control mice on a normal diet (0.017Ϯ0.031 mm 2 , PϽ0.01). In the LDLR Ϫ/Ϫ mice, but not control mice, increase in plaque burden at week 12 relative to week 1 was also highly significant (Pϭ0.001). Lumen cross section was not significantly different between time points or groups. MRI and histological assessments of plaque size were closely correlated (Rϭ0.8). The lumen of proximal coronary arteries could also be visualized. Conclusions-This

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