The object of the study was the snow cover in the 30 km zone of influence of the electrometallurgical plant LLC NLMK-Kaluga. As a result of the research, the polyelement composition of the solid fraction, dust load, influx of heavy metals (Fe, Cr, Zn Mn, Ni, Co, Pb, Cu, Cd), concentration factors and total indicators of contamination with heavy metals, as well as the cationic and anionic composition of thawed snow cover waters. It has been established that the intensity of snow cover pollution depends on the direction and distance from the source of pollution. The maximum effect of technogenic impact up to 8 times relative to background values was observed in the near 2 km zone. With increasing distance to 16 km, the dust load decreases and does not exceed 1.5 times. According to the research results, factors influencing the intensity of snow cover pollution have been established.

The paper presents experience of developing and maintaining a system of radioecological monitoring of freshwater ecosystems in the vicinity of Rooppur Nuclear Power Plant (Bangladesh). Components of freshwater ecosystems in the zone of NPP impact are both very informative for determining the environmental state and very important for conducting economic activities. Therefore, the issue of assessing and predicting quality of freshwater ecosystems in the vicinity of NPP is relevant for ensuring radiation and environmental safety. During the studies, we developed a detailed monitoring program; selected observation points for the state of surface water and groundwater at different distances from Rooppur NPP; determined monitoring objects (water, bottom sediments, higher aquatic vegetation, and fish), list of parameters to be studied, observation regulation, methods, and regulatory and technical support. Among the indicators controlled we considered the following ones: physicochemical properties of water and bottom sediments; radionuclide content of components of freshwater ecosystems including natural (40K, 226Ra, and 232Th) and technogenic (90Sr, 137Cs, and 3H) radionuclides; and content of 19 heavy metals, as well as chemical pollutants. Monitoring studies were conducted in 2014–2017, considering climatic peculiarities of the region at different periods of the year. Radionuclides in environmental objects were determined by spectrometry and radiochemistry; heavy metals – by atomic absorption and plasma emission analysis methods. It was established that higher aquatic vegetation in the Padma River is found not in all seasons. In December, it was almost absent. The maximum species diversity was registered in June. Differences between surface water and groundwater in the vicinity of Rooppur NPP were distinguished for several physical and chemical characteristics. Values of drinking water total mineralization and hardness were higher than that of surface water by 2–3 times. This is due to Padma River water composition, the basis of which is meltwater and rainwater. Organic pollutants content in surface water and groundwater was below detection limits or at minimum ones (benzopyrene – less than 0.01 μg·L−1; phenols – 1.3–3.5 μg·L−1; and petroleum products – 0.01–0.043 mg·L−1). Activity concentration of 137Cs in Padma River water did not exceed 0.18 Bq·L−1 (with a mean of 0.07 Bq·L−1) during the observation period. The content of 90Sr was 0.02–0.12 Bq·L−1, and the concentration of 3H varied in the range of 0.8–2.1 Bq·L−1. Mean specific activity of 90Sr in bottom sediments was 0.5–1.8 Bq·kg−1, and 137Cs – 0.8–2.1 Bq·kg−1. Specific activity of 3H in bottom sediments was less than 3 Bq·kg−1, except for 3 samples in 2017 (12–30 Bq·kg−1), which was most likely due to a local pollution. Specific activity of 90Sr in higher aquatic vegetation was 0.4–3.9 Bq·kg−1, and 137Cs – 0.4–1.0 Bq·kg−1. In drinking water, activity concentrations of radionuclides were as follows: 137Cs – 0.03–0.27 Bq·L−1; 90Sr – 0.01–0.16 Bq·L−1; 3H – 0.4–1.2 Bq·L−1. Specific activity of 90Sr in fish was 0.02–1.6 Bq·kg−1.The content of 137Cs in fish was 0.26–0.3 Bq·kg−1. Analysis of monitoring data on heavy metal levels in components of freshwater ecosystems in the vicinity of Rooppur NPP showed that for a number of elements their increased concentrations were recorded, most of which belong to monsoon season. In Padma River surface water, a repeating increase in As, Cd, Mn, and Al concentrations was noted, and in bottom sediments – an increase in As, Cd, Ni, Co, and Zn content, which was associated with anthropogenic impact and increasing runoff of pollutants during monsoon rains. Repeatedly increased As and Mn concentrations were noted in drinking water of Rooppur NPP 30-km zone. In separate samples, there was an increase in Fe and Al content. This might be due to both natural peculiarities of the region (relatively high As content in aquifers) and the state of water supply systems. Obtained results and developed network of radioecological monitoring of freshwater ecosystems would make it possible to register a change in the situation and to identify impact of Rooppur NPP operation on human population and the environment.

ФГБНУ ВНИИ радиологии и агроэкологии, Обнинск Представлены методические подходы к организации государственного и ведомственных систем мониторинга окружающей среды в регионах размещения ядерно и радиационно опасных объектов (ЯРОО) с целью обеспечения радиационной и экологической безопасности человека и биоты. Показана необходимость ведения радиационно-экологического мониторинга на всех стадиях жизненного цикла ЯРОО с учётом специфики предприятий, природных и хозяйственных особенностей региона их размещения, а также ситуаций облучения персонала, населения и биоты. Выделены направления радиационно-экологического мониторинга как на уровне отдельных ЯРОО (объектный, производственно-экологический), так и общеметодологические подходы к оценке воздействия радионуклидов в составе выбросов и сбросов на человека, живые организмы и экосистемы: радиационно-гигиенический, социально-гигиенический, проспективный, агроэкологический, биологический, экологический. Показано, что в основе оценки радиационного воздействия ЯРОО на человека и биоту лежат результаты многолетних наблюдений за содержанием радионуклидов в приземном атмосферном воздухе, наземных (природных и аграрных) и водных экосистемах. Проанализированы различные аспекты радиационно-экологического мониторинга, выделены преимущества и недостатки методов его организации. Показана необходимость оптимизации радиационно-экологического мониторинга в районах размещения ЯРОО и разработки комплексного подхода к его проведению на основе интегральной оценки рисков для человека и биоты от множества источников загрязнений с учётом путей миграции токсикантов в критических экосистемах.

The article presents a long-term prediction of radiation doses to members of the public and reference organisms of biota from planned radioactive atmospheric releases by the Baltic nuclear power plant with VVER-1200. The calculation of atmospheric dispersion and radiation dose to the population have performed on the basis of general models presented in the IAEA Safety Report Series No. 19. The radiation doses to non-human biota have calculated using the ERICA Tool. Annual effective dose to the population near the Baltic NPP are expected to be below 2.1 μSv. The dose rate of reference organisms will not exceed 0.6 nGy/h. The main contribution to the irradiation of both population and non-human biota will be made by 14C and 3H. It has recommended to include these radionuclides in the radioecological monitoring program of natural and agricultural ecosystems in the area where the Baltic NPP is located.

The paper presents an overview of the radioecological monitoring programme of aquatic ecosystems in the vicinity of nuclear power plants and presents the results of its implementation in the 30-km zone of the Rooppur NPP in the People's Republic of Bangladesh. The environmental survey has shown that the content of radionuclides in different components of observed freshwater ecosystems is low and that the radiation situation of the region is safe.