Background: Epilepsy is a common disease with economic impact in form of frequent clinical visits, investigations and management. Objective: To estimate the direct and part of the indirect costs of epilepsy. Design and methods: The study was performed on a case series of medically treated Sudanese patients with epilepsy in a charity clinic. Data on clinical characteristics, utilization of medical services, and costs were collected from 38 patients using a standardized pre-tested format. The patients' approval was obtained as necessary. Results: Direct medical care costs was (2,395 Sudanese Pounds "SDG", 417 American Dollars "USD") per year per patient, of which antiepileptic drugs was the major component (1,587 SDG, 276 USD). Other costs are medical consultations and hospitalization charges (SDG 148, 26 USD), investigations cost (146 SDG, 25 USD), and cost of travel to clinics (514 SDG, 90 USD). Nonmedical direct cost -in form of traditional healers' visits were reported by 13.5% of the patients and estimated to be (1,422 SDG, 251 USD) per patient per year. The indirect cost was estimated for co-patients transportation, which is reported by patients who resides outside the state, making 7.9% of patients, and estimated to be (1,773 SDG, 308USD) per co-patient per year. The overall mean annual cost for epilepsy per patient in our clinic was approximately (2,724 SDG, 474 USD). Conclusion:The economic burden on epilepsy patients is heavy, and the contributors to the cost in Sudan have many similar features and some noteworthy differences with that of other countries.

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Results: 10 (2.6%) patients had neurological manifestations out of 383 seropositive patients. Out of ten, nine patients were male and only one patient was female. Among them 10% patients come under category of classical dengue fever, 10% patients suffered from dengue with warning signs and 80% with severe dengue .4 patients had encephalopathy,3 other patients had encephalitis, 2 patients presented with single episode of symptomatic generalized seizure and 1 patient presented as having an intra cranial hemorrhage. Conclusions: Neurological manifestations of dengue are manifold and it is necessary to consider dengue as a cause for the above neurological presentations in endemic zones of the disease.

Diseases are divided into Sporadic, Genetic and Acquired (see The Different Types of Prion Disease). The commonest type of human prion disease is sporadic CJD.The clinical features of each form of human prion disease are discussed below. All forms of prion disease are progressive and ultimately fatal. Currently, there are no treatments that have been shown to halt progression or to reverse the disease (see Treatment section). Prion diseases affect the brain and so lead to symptoms of brain dysfunction, including difficulties with movements, memory problems and dementia.Please click on the following to find out more about: SPORADIC CJDSporadic CJD (sCJD) is predominantly a disease of late middle-age with a mean age at death in the late 60s. Cases with onset below the age of 50 are relatively rare, but do occur. The cause of sCJD is unknown.

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