A variety of malformations are included under the description of Neural tube defects (NTDs). These are abnormalities of the embryonic neuralization process. The congenital malformations of human structure and are of great interest to anatomists, obstetricians, pediatricians and radiologists. NTDs are among the commonest and most severe disorders, affecting 0.5-2 per 1000 established pregnancies, and are second commonest group of birth defects, after congenital heart defects. A valuable contribution of this study, the neural tube defects aimed at clinical methods and refined for the prenatal diagnosis in utero. Materials and Methods: This comprehensive study was undertaken to know the incidence of detail knowledge of neural tube defects in KIMS Narketpally and KAMS & RC Hyderabad, among 1000 births during the period of two years. We found seven fetuses with neural tube defects involving brain and spinal cord. A detailed study was done emphasizing on embryology and genetic and non-genetic concepts. Results & Conclusion: The seven fetuses were stillbirths and aborted babies between 20 to 40 weeks, presented with neural tube defects (0.7%). Five fetuses were females and two fetuses were males. The spinal defects were 0.4%, cranial defects 0.2% and complete neural tube defects is 0.1%. This review article discusses the classification, clinical research and epidemiological understanding of NTDs and correlated with the available literatures.

The Sacrococcygeal Teratomas (SCTs) are rare and most common congenital neoplasms in neonates, but rare in adults. Usual presentation is, a mass in the sacrococcygeal region at the time of birth and arise from the caudal end of the spine, displacing the anal canal anteriorly. The SCT results in multiplication of totipotent cells of Henson's node (primitive node) which fails to involutes at the end of the embryonic period. Materials and Methods: We report three cases, with clinical manifestations & imaging aspects. The first case was an abortuses of 12 weeks old with SCT diagnosed by Ultrasonography, second was a female neonate 1 day old with huge SCT and third case was 24 years old female diagnosed as sacral tumor by MRI report. Conclusion: The antenatal and proper management is carried out after baby is born. It can be diagnosed by prenatal sonography, if necessary MRI during pregnancy to avoid unnecessary complications. In adult, SCTs are diagnosed with abdomino-pelvic ultrasound scan. In this article a brief review of literature and embryological correlation has been presented.

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Neural tube defects (NTDs) are the second most common cause of congenital anomaly worldwide (cardiac anomalies is the first). The 3rd and 4th week of gestation is the critical period for neural tube development. Multiple genetic and environmental factors are known to cause the NTDs in a developing embryo. We report here four cases of cranial and spinal dysraphism or craniorachischisis, the most severe and rare type of NTD with brief maternal history. In all these cases, the neural tissue is exposed in the region of brain as well as in the region of spinal cord to various extents. In this case series, the external features of craniorachischisis in four female fetuses (including monozygotic twins) are reported. One of the affected fetuses had associated omphalocele.