In vineyards, thrips are listed as pests in many countries in continental Europe and the United States, attacking fruits, flowers, leaves and buds. In Brazil, many species have been reported in vineyards. This work aimed to evaluate the best technique and sampling unit, and the number of samples required in a conventional plan for sampling thrips in a vineyard. The studies were carried out in areas of Vitis vinifera, cultivar Sugraone, without application of insecticides. An area of 2.240m 2 was subjected to sample collection of leaves in different strata of 15 plants, and leaves on strata of branches for two subsequent years, totalizing 47 sampling dates. Furthermore, the sampling techniques of beating the inflorescence on a tray and whole inflorescence collection were also addressed. To calculate the sampling time, productive vineyards were used, with the varieties Sugraone and Thompson Seedless. Linear regressions of the relative densities as a function of absolute densities for thrips on branch per plant and leaves per branch were estimated. The technique of beating inflorescence on a tray was the one that best represented the results. The sampling unit that best represented the population was composed of one leaf collected from the median part of the branch. Thrips sampling should be conducted in 10 plants and 10 inflorescences per hectare to estimate the thrips population properly on plants and flowers, respectively. Index terms: Vitis vinifera. Thysanoptera. Sampling unit. Integrated pest management. TÉCNICA DE AMOSTRAGEM CONVENCIONAL PARA TRIPES EM VIDEIRA RESUMO-Na cultura da videira, os tripes são mencionados como pragas em diversos países do continente Europeu e nos Estados Unidos, atacando frutos, flores, folhas e brotos. No Brasil, muitas espécies têm sido relatadas nesta cultura. Deste modo, o objetivo deste foi definir a melhor técnica, unidade amostral e o número de amostras exigidas em um plano convencional para a amostragem de tripes em uva. Os estudos foram realizados em áreas de Vitis vinifera, cultivar Sugraone, sem aplicação de inseticidas. Uma área de 2.240m 2 foi submetida a coleta de amostras em diferentes estratos de folhas e ramos, em 15 plantas, durante dois anos, totalizando 47 datas de amostragem. Além disso, também foram abordadas as técnicas de amostragem de batida da inflorescência na bandeja e coleta da inflorescência. Para o cálculo do tempo de amostragem foram utilizados parreirais com as variedades Sugraone e Thompson Seedless. Foram estimadas equações de regressões lineares entre as densidades relativas e absolutas de tripes por folha e ramo. A técnica da batida da flor foi a mais adequada para a amostragem dos tripes em inflorescências. A unidade amostral composta por uma folha localizada no meio do ramo mediano da planta foi o plano de melhor representatividade. A amostragem deve ser realizada em 10 plantas e 10 inflorescências por hectare para detectar os tripes na folha e na flor da videira, respectivamente. Termos de indexação: Vitis vinifera. Thysanoptera. Unidade de a...

Multiple types of flesh browning can occur as storage disorders in ‘Honeycrisp’ apple (Malus ×domestica Borkh.) fruit. Predicting its occurrence is hindered by differing definitions of the types of browning, incomplete understanding of their etiologies, and difficulty in assessing harvest maturity of ‘Honeycrisp’ fruit. In 2013, of ‘Honeycrisp’ fruit grown, harvested over multiple weeks, and stored in Maine, Minnesota, Ontario, and Quebec, only the Quebec fruit developed diffuse flesh browning. A detailed comparison showed that the Quebec fruit differed in size, but not in other quality attributes, from fruit of the other locations. The Quebec fruit experienced lower temperatures during active fruit growth and were increasing in cell size up to harvest. Analyses of climate data from 2009 to 2015 indicated that accumulated growing degree-days (GDD) 50–60 day after full bloom (DAFB) could account for 31% of the variation in diffuse flesh browning, and seasonal GDD <500 are associated with a greater likelihood of injury. Fruit that exhibited diffuse flesh browning had higher magnesium and lower fructose levels than unaffected fruit. As these measurements were made after browning was assessed, the timing of the onset of these characteristics in relation to browning cannot be determined.

No abstract

No abstract

No abstract