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This study aims: (1) to develop pop-up book learning media appropriate for children aged 4-5 years and (2) know the effectiveness of pop-up book learning media to improve cognitive ability for children aged 4-5 years. This development research adopted Borg & Gall. The subjects used for the preliminary field test were 2 teachers and 12 children aged 4-5 years and main field test of 4 teachers and 31 children aged 4-5 years. The operational field test consisted of 40 children. Techniques and instruments of data collection were conducted through interviews, validation sheets, teacher and child response questionnaires, and observation sheets. Data collection techniques on operational trial used one-group pretest-posttest design. Data analysis used homogeneity test, normality test, paired sample t-test with significance level 0.05. The results show that: (1) The research has successfully developed a pop-up book learning media for children aged 4-5 years, (2) pop-up book learning media was appropriate to be used according to expert judgment and test result, and (3) the media of pop-up book was effective to improve cognitive ability for children aged 4-5 years. This can be seen from the result of paired sample t-test calculations in which the significance value was 0.00 less than 0.05 (<0.05), meaning that the pop-up book learning media was effective to improve cognitive ability for children aged 4-5 years.

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The improvement of problem solving skills trained onworksheet learning activity through Stimulation Higher Order Thinking skills (Sim-HOTs) model. The goal of the research is improvement problem solving skill in Senior High School Surakarta in metabolism lesson. Subject of this research were students of twelve (12) grade MIPA SMAN 3 Surakarta. Data was collected by using open-ended test based on Mourtus, and divided into six indicators namely defining the problem, exploringthe problem, planning solution, using solution, checking solution and evaluation. Technique analysis data was independent T-test. The result of this research show the aspects of improvemen tstudent’s problem solving skills that are defining the problem, checking solution and evaluation

Purpose This study aims to identify and analyse the issues faced by internet-based small businesses in developing countries regarding cybersecurity and document how these businesses address the risks. Design/methodology/approach This study used the qualitative method. Respondents were internet-based small businesses selected by using theoretical sampling. Data were collected by using interviews and observations. The validity of the analysis was ensured by using triangulation and member checking. Findings This study reveals that small businesses managed to identify the loss of physical and monetary assets as possible damage. However, only a few businesses identified loss of intangible assets as possible cyber risks. Most small businesses had used basic cybersecurity measures to protect data access and some primary business activities. Unfortunately, they rarely take initiatives in preventing and early detecting cyber risks. Research limitations/implications Findings of this study cannot be generalised as it aims to obtain new insights and document unexplored findings. Thus, if this study’s findings are going to be generalised, it is necessary to conduct an additional study. Secondly, this study did not assess how far small business had fulfilled the relevant information security framework as assessment required additional research, and this study only aimed to map the current situation in small businesses. Practical implications This study emphasised the importance of identifying valuable assets or resources when implementing cybersecurity measures. Focusing on security measures to protect identified assets from cyber risk will make the efforts more efficient and effective than using standardised cybersecurity measures. Third-party developers can also use this study to understand small businesses’ current cybersecurity implementation and their characters to design online platforms that suit these needs. Governments can also design educational activities that address small businesses’ lack of knowledge. Originality/value Most studies which focus on small businesses and information technology (IT) usually only discuss how they use IT. This study also brings new contributions by focusing on developing countries and specifically addresses internet-based technology cyber risk faced by e-commerce businesses. The qualitative method is used as most studies in e-commerce adoption were positivistic in nature, and inductive-based studies were rarely found on the topic.