The complex microbiome of the rumen functions as an effective system for the conversion of plant cell wall biomass to microbial proteins, short chain fatty acids and gases. In this study, metagenomic approaches were used to study the microbial populations and metabolic potential of the microbial community. DNA was extracted from Surti Buffalo rumen samples (four treatments diet) and sequenced separately using a 454 GS FLX Titanium system. We used comparative metagenomics to examine metabolic potential and phylogenetic composition from pyrosequence data generated in four samples, considering phylogenetic composition and metabolic potentials in the rumen may remarkably be different with respect to nutrient utilization. Assignment of metagenomic sequences to SEED categories of the Metagenome Rapid Annotation using Subsystem Technology (MG-RAST) server revealed a genetic profile characteristic of fermentation of carbohydrates in a high roughage diet. The distribution of phylotypes and environmental gene tags (EGTs) detected within each rumen sample were dominated by Bacteroidetes/Chlorobi, Firmicutes and Proteobacteria in all the samples. The results of this study could help to determine the role of rumen microbes and their enzymes in plant polysaccharide breakdown is fundamental to understanding digestion and maximising productivity in ruminant animals.

Samples collected from various effluent-contaminated soils in the vicinities of dyestuff manufacturing units of Ahmedabad, India, were studied for screening and isolation of organisms capable of decolorizing textile dyes. A novel bacterial consortium was selected on the basis of rapid decolorization of Direct Red 81 (DR 81), which was used as model dye. The bacterial consortium exhibited 90% decolorization ability within 35 h. Maximum rate of decolorization was observed when starch (0.6 g l )1 ) and casein (0.9 g l )1 ) were supplemented in the medium. Decolorization of DR 81 was monitored by high performance thin layer chromatography, which indicated that dye decolorization was due to its degradation into unidentified intermediates. The optimum dye-decolorizing activity of the culture was observed at pH 7.0 and incubation temperature of 37°C. Maximum dye-decolorizing efficiency was observed at 200 mg l )1 concentration of DR 81. The bacterial consortium had an ability to decolorize nine other structurally different azo dyes.

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Abstract:Staphylococcus aureus is one of the important causes of community acquired and hospital acquired infections worldwide. Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus is one of the major antibiotic resistant organisms. The present study was undertaken to determine the antibiotic sensitivity of Staphylococcus aureus isolates from various clinical samples and to evaluate the possible presence of MRSA, VISA (vancomycin intermediate Staphylococcus aureus) and VRSA (vancomycin resistant Staphylococcus aureus). A total of 120 isolates of S. aureus which were isolated from various clinical samples were tested for methicillin resistance using the oxacillin disc diffusion test (1µg) and cefoxitin disc diffusion test (30µg). All isolates were subjected to minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) testing with agar dilution method according to the CLSI (Clinical Laboratory Standards Institutes) guidelines. Disc diffusion method was also used to determine the susceptibility of strains to common antibiotics. 64(53.3%) isolates were found to be MRSA by the cefoxitin disc diffusion method and 63(52.5%) isolates were found to be MRSA by oxacillin disc diffusion method. No VISA&VRSA isolates were detected by using the MIC agar dilution method. MRSA isolates were also highly resistant to other antibiotics that were tested.

Staphylococcus aureus is a major cause of community and healthcare infections, and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) is currently the most commonly identified antibiotic-resistant pathogen in many parts of the world. Patients, contaminated surfaces as well as health care workers can play a role as reservoirs for spread of MRSA in hospitals. A prospective cross-sectional study is conducted to to find out the prevalence of colonization of MRSA and bacterial contamination on the hands of health care providers and to report their antibiogram for appropriate decolonization therapy. Nasal and interdigital space swabs were collected from 60 health care providers (Doctors-36, staff nurse-14, ward boys-10) from burns ward. The Specimens were processed and suspected colonies of Staphylococcus aureus were identified by standard bacteriological techniques. The strains of MRSA were identified by using Cefoxitin (30mcg) disk on Muellier Hinton agar. Out of total 60 nasal swabs from HCP 30 (50%) yielded S. aureus of which 13(21.6%) were MRSA. Of 36 nasal swabs from Doctors 18(50%) were Staphylococcus aureus, with 7(38%) MRSA strains. Out of 14 staff nurses 8(57%) were S. aureus , where 4(50%) were MRSA. out of 10 ward boys 4 (40%) were S. aureus , of which 2 (50%)were MRSA. Out of the total 60 inter digital spaces 24 (40%)yielded S. aureus of which 10(41%) were MRSA and 24(40%) were contaminants. out of 36 Doctors 12(33.3%) were with S. aureus with 4(33) MRSA and 6 (16%) contaminants. Out of 14 staff nurses 7(50%) were S. aureus of which 3 (42%)were MRSA and contaminants were 8 (57%). Among the 10 ward boys 5 (50%)were S. aureus among this 3 (60%)were MRSA and 6 (60%) were contaminants. Most of the S. aureus strains were sensitive for clindamycin, Vancomycin, Ofloxacin Linezolid. All the MRSA carriers were given Clindamycin and their samples were recollected after 2 weeks which were found negative.