Climate variability and population growth have intensified the search internationally for measures to adapt to fluctuations in water supplies. An example can be found in the lower part of the transboundary Tigris‐Euphrates Basin where water shortages in 2008‐2009 resulted in high economic costs to irrigation farmers. Losses to irrigators in the lower basin have made a compelling case to identify flexible methods to adapt to water shortage. Few published studies have systematically examined ways to enhance the flexibility of water appropriation systems to adapt to water shortage. This article addresses an ongoing challenge in water governance by examining how profitability at both the farm and basin levels is affected by various water appropriation systems. Four water appropriation systems are compared for impacts on farm income under each of three water supply scenarios. Results show that a (1) proportional sharing of water shortages among provinces and (2) unrestricted water trading rank as the top two appropriation systems. The shadow price of water for irrigation rises from zero at a full water supply level to US$93/1,000 m3 when supply falls to 20% of full levels. Similar methods could be used to analyze challenges facing the design or implementation of water appropriation systems in the world's irrigated regions.

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A certification program named UTZ Certified has the indicator of the certification process. This program is considered to have a positive impact on cacao farmers due to the increasing quality, productivity, and profitability of farmers. This study aims to analyze product certification impact on cacao farmers’ productivity and income in Guliling Village, Kalukku Regency, Mamuju, West Sulawesi Province. Analytical techniques used are farm productivity analysis, income analysis, R/C ratio, and t-test. The result shows that the land productivity of certified farmers is higher than the non-certified farmers. The average income per year for certified farmers is also higher than the non-certified ones, with each value of their R/C ratio is more than 1. The t-test result shows a significant difference between certified farmers and non- certified farmers.

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