Multiplex polymerase chain reaction was used to identify the potato cyst nematodes in soil samples from the Ukraine. The results show the occurrence of Globodera pallida in the Uzhhorod region (Zakarpats'ka oblast'), where only G. rostochiensis had been previously reported. In the mixed potato cyst nematode (PCN) populations, G. pallida was less prevalent (2À5%) than G. rostochiensis (95À98%). A phylogenetic analysis based on ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer sequences showed that the Ukrainian population of G. pallida had >99% sequence identity with other G. pallida pa2/3 isolates from Europe. This study has demonstrated that polymerase chain reaction-mediated amplification of specific regions of the potato cyst nematode genome is not only highly effective as a species diagnostic tool but is also a sensitive method which can be used for taxonomic purposes with cyst collections which vary in age.Abbreviations: ITS À internal transcribed spacer; PCN À potato cyst nematode; rDNA À ribosomal DNA

Studies on the development of Globodera rosfochiensis in potato cultivars with different levels of resistance have shown that both males and females of the nematode complete their whole cycle of development in susceptible cv. Svitanok Kyivskii in 61 days. In resistant cv. Vodograi, only males complete their development. Development of females is interrupted at the third larval instar, and mature females do not appear.

Control ofGlobodera rostochiensis in Ukraine depends on the use of resistant potato cultivars. In the last 2years. the proportion of resistant entries in the official Ukrainian list has increased from 27% to 4 5 8 , and the number of Ukrainian-bred resistant cultivars has increased from 3 to 12. It is now suggested that resistant cultivars are classified into the categories 'resistant and tolerant' and 'resistant but only relatively tolerant'. The choice of these cultivars should depend on the nematode population of the soil. Control of Difylenchus destructor is also considered, on the basis of prophylactive and agrotechnical measures.

In greenhouses of botanical gardens of Ukraine 81 species of nematodes were found. Th e richest by the number of species was Tylenchida order that was presented by 25 species (31 % of species composition). Th e dominant group of nematodes was plant-parasitic (most frequent was Rotylenchus robustus (de Man, 1876) Filipjev, 1936 and Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid et White, 1919) Chitwood, 1949. Th e group of saprobiotic nematodes, which was presented by 52 species (64 %), appeared to be the richest by the number of species. It is shown, that formation of nematode communities in greenhouses of botanical gardens was caused by the interaction of many related factors, crucial of which is the composition of plant collections. Th e structure of communities is quite constant and almost independent of the quantity of nematodes species. Plant-parasitic species dominate by the number and frequency of detection, and represent a kind of a core of nematode communities.Key words: soil nematodes, species community, botanical gardens, greenhouses, Ukraine.Видовой состав и структура сообществ фитопаразитических и свободноживущих почвенных нематод в оранжереях ботанических садов Украины. Губин А. И., Сигарёва Д. Д. -В оранже-реях ботанических садов Украины обнаружен 81 вид нематод. Наиболее богатым по количеству видов оказался отряд Tylenchida, представленный 25 видами (31 % видового состава). Доминирую-щей группой являлись фитопаразиты, из которых наиболее распространёнными были Rotylenchus robustus (de Man, 1876) Filipjev, 1936 и Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid et White, 1919) Chitwood, 1949. Самой богатой по видовому составу оказалась группа сапробиотических нематод, которая была представлена 52 видами (64 %). Показано, что формирование нематодных комплексов в оранжере-ях ботанических садов обусловлено взаимодействием множества факторов, ключевым из которых является состав растительных коллекций. Структура комплексов довольно устойчива и практиче-ски не зависит от количества видов нематод. Фитопаразитические виды доминируют как по чис-ленности, так и по частоте встречаемости и являются своеобразным ядром нематодных сообществ.Ключевые слова: почвенные нематоды, сообщество видов, ботанические сады, оранжереи, Украина.

A survey for entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) of the Steienernematidae and Heterorhabditidae in soils of different crop types of agricultural lands (household plots, commercial fields) in the forest (Polissya) and forest-steppe (Lisostep) zones of Ukraine was carried out in spring, summer and autumn months from 2016 to 2018. In total, 205 soil samples and 92 live-traps were processed. In addition, 98 samples of soil-living larvae and adults of insect crop pests, including cockchafer beetles, click beetle larvae, darkling beetle larvae, caterpillars of the scoops were collected. It is shown that the EPNs distribution and frequency of occurrence depends on the natural geographical features (regional characteristics) and habitat types. EPNs were found in 46 (15.4 %) out 297 samples. The incidence (% of samples) of the entomopathogenic nematodes, and their diversity varied depending on the location-based sampling, the type of agrocenosis, and the predominant agricultural plant species or typical species-edificators. The proportion of entomopathogenic nematodes (Steinernema spp., Heterorhabditis spp.) recovery from regions of Lisostep zone was 16.9 %, and 13.6 % from regions of Polissya zone. The highest number among all positive samples was recorded from the apple trees, Malus domestica Borkh., 1803 (10 samples). The least number of positive samples (one sample) was obtained from sweet cherry trees, Prúnus cérasus L., 1753, junipers, Juniperus communis L., 1753, alfalfa, Medicago sativa L., 1753, common beans, Phaseolus vulgaris L., 1753, and common pumpkin, Cucurbita pepo L., 1753. The steinernematid nematodes were noticeably dominant over heterorhabditid nematodes: 60.8 % vs 39.2 % respectively. Steinernema spp. is widespread in different regions and plots, whereas Heterorhabditis spp. are common in fruit orchards and coniferous decorative perennial plantings.