Dynamic yield strength of mild steel is estimated when impacted by the steel balls launched by two stage-light gas gun in the velocity region 1900-5200 m/s. The ball impact provides a radial momentum to the target material resulting in a crater which spreads out until it is stopped by the target yield strength. The dynamic yield strength of target metal is calculated by incorporating the densities of ball and target material along with experimentally measured crater radius and impact velocity in modified Bernoullis equation. The dynamic yield strength of mild steel has been found to be around 2000 MPa under high velocity impact, causing the material to deform at strain rates > 10 6 s -1 . Impact phenomenon was also simulated on Autodyn 2-D using Euler processor. Simulation results reveal that the target material is subjected to the highest strain rate of 10 5 -10 6 s -1 at the impact point and then decreases as the penetration progresses through the target. Predicted results of crater radius depth, and splash of material match with the experimental measurements.

Objective: This study aims to explore the factors and influences shaping decision-making in outbound incentive travel for Indian corporates, with a specific focus on the collaborative relationships among Destination Management Companies (DMCs), Incentive Planners, and corporate clients. The research problem centers on understanding the dynamics and key elements that drive decision-making processes in this context.   Theoretical framework: The research is grounded in the widely recognized PESTEL model, which encompasses Political, Economic, Sociocultural, Technological, Environmental, and Legal factors. This theoretical framework provides a comprehensive lens to categorize and analyze the various factors and influences that impact decision-making in outbound incentive travel. Furthermore, a modified P2ESTEL model is proposed to enhance the understanding of how these factors specifically shape travel planning and decision-making.   Method: To achieve the research objectives, a qualitative research design was employed. In-depth interviews were conducted with industry experts, including Incentive Planners and Destination Management Companies (DMCs), who possess extensive knowledge and experience in outbound incentive travel. Thematic analysis was applied to the interview data to identify key themes and subthemes, offering valuable insights into the decision-making processes and the factors that play significant roles. For data coding and representation MAXQDA software was utilized.   Results and conclusion: The study identified several key factors and influences that shape decision-making in outbound incentive travel for Indian corporates. These include destination attractiveness, travel experience, participant preferences, organizational goals, competition, and market trends. The modified P2ESTEL model provided a comprehensive framework for understanding the specific impact of these factors on decision-making.   Implications of the research: This study has important implications for decision-making strategies, stakeholder collaboration, and the effectiveness of outbound incentive travel initiatives for Indian corporates. By considering the identified factors and influences, decision-makers can make more informed choices that align with their organizational goals, create more rewarding travel experiences for participants, and stay competitive in the market.   Originality/value: This study contributes to the emerging literature on decision-making in outbound incentive travel for Indian corporates by providing a nuanced and in-depth understanding of the factors and influences involved. The proposed modified P2ESTEL model offers a novel approach for analyzing and comprehending the complexities of decision-making in this context. The findings of this study hold academic significance and practical value for professionals involved in outbound incentive travel planning and management.

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Purpose The objective of this research was to contribute to the literature on incentive travel programs and provide a foundation for future research in this area. To highlight the social implications of outbound incentive travel programs, including their potential impact on employee well-being, customer relationships, tourism, economic development, and the environment. Theoretical Framework A framework for knowledge generation and theory development in incentive travel is attempted through the literature review.   Design/ Method / approach A chronological analysis of the literature on incentive travel and event tourism is the focal point of this study. With reference to seminal contributions, key terms and concepts are underlined. Journals, publications, and research pertaining to this topic have been reviewed using content analysis. Each article was subjected to a series of content analyses, where the type of content, nature of the research, theme and sub-theme, publication year, type of journals, area or city focus, type of data and analysis tool used, respondent and author profile were all taken into consideration. A total of 45 papers were categorized according to the year they were published and then analyzed using the descriptive analysis approach. Findings The findings of the study are likely to provide a comprehensive understanding of outbound incentive travel programs and their potential benefits and challenges, and offer practical guidance for organizations looking to implement these programs in a responsible and effective manner.   Research, Practical & Social implications The study may identify gaps in the existing literature on outbound incentive travel programs, highlighting areas for future research and exploration.   Originality/ value the study has the potential to contribute to both academic research and practical applications related to outbound incentive travel programs, and may have broader implications for organizational culture, values, and social responsibility.