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Abstract. There is general international acceptance of the need to demonstrate that the environment is protected from ionising radiation. In some countries requirements and guidelines for the protection of non-human biota are already in place. As a consequence a number of models and approaches have been proposed for the estimation of the exposure of non-human biota to ionising radiation. The IAEA EMRAS programme's Biota Working Group has conducted the most comprehensive intercomparison of the predictions of these approaches to date. In this paper, we present an overview of the activities of the Biota Working Group concentrating on its conclusions and recommendations.

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The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) has organised programmes on the development, comparison and testing of environmental assessment models and approaches for estimating the radiation exposure of humans and wildlife since the 1980s. The latest of these programmes was called MODARIA (Modelling and Data for Radiological Impact Assessment) and was run in two phases from 2012 to 2015 (MODARIA I) and 2016 to 2019 (MODARIA II). Both phases of the MODARIA programme had the overall objective to improve capabilities in the field of environmental transfer of radionuclides and public and non-human biota exposures assessment, by means of acquisition of improved data for model testing and comparison, reaching consensus on modelling philosophies, approaches and parameter values and building an international forum for the exchange of information. This paper provides an overview of the work undertaken during both phases of the MODARIA programme and its outputs. The overall aims and objectives of a new programme to follow on from MODARIA are described.