Purpose -The purpose of this paper is to examine the reasons that mega-events rarely realise their potential for host destinations and to suggest issues that need to be addressed in rectifying this issue. Design/methodology/approach -The paper is based on a synthesis of the literature as well as the substantial event-related experience of the authors. Findings -The key reason that mega-events do not generate the expected benefits for the host destination is that event organisers and destination managers adopt a short-term perspective rather than seeing mega-events as part of a long-term strategy for the destination. Even the planned legacies are often not realised as resource constraints in the lead up to the staging of the event often results in resources being shifted away from planning for legacies and being allocated to helping cover the more immediate needs of the event.Research limitations/implications -If the mega-event knowledge portal that is proposed in this paper to help improve the overall contribution that mega-events make to host destinations is developed, it will prove to be a fertile source of data for longitudinal research in the field of mega-events. Originality/value -As so many mega-events fail to deliver the expected benefits for the host destination, this paper provides some useful insights into the key issues that need to be addressed in order to help overcome this problem.

Preharvest sprouting significantly reduces the quality of the South African wheat crop. This study classified the preharvest sprouting resistance of 17 South African winter wheat cultivars sampled over a range of typical winter wheat growth environments. Sampling was performed under field conditions and sprouting responses were evaluated under controlled conditions. Variation in sprouting response between cultivars was predominantly genetically determined and varied from 1.7 to 7.4 on a scale from 1 (no visual sprouting) to 8 (fully sprouted). Canonical variate analysis and AMMI analysis, as well as the use of hierarchical clustering of cultivars over environments using the AMMI estimates, identified four distinct groups ranging from resistant to susceptible. The AMMI model was used as it combines the additive main effects of the analysis of variance with the interaction effects of principal components analysis. In general, Betta, and certain cultivars derived from Betta, showed good to moderate resistance to pre harvest sprouting, while the hybrids Caritha and Carol, as well as the purelines Tugela and Tugela-DN, tended to be highly susceptible to sprouting.Die uitloop van koring in die aar lei tot 'n verswakking in kwaliteit van 'n groot gedeelte van Suid-Afrika se oes. Hierdie studie klassifiseer die uitloopweerstand van 17 Suid-Afrikaanse winterkoringkultivars oor 'n reeks tipiese winterkoring-verbouingsomgewings. Monstering is onder veldtoestande uitgevoer en die uitloopreaksie is onder gekontrolleerde toestande bepaal. Variasie in uitloopweerstand is hoofsaaklik geneties van aard en wissel van 1.7 tot 7.4 op 'n skaal van 1 (geen visuele uitloop) tot 8 (ten volle uitgeloop). Kanoniese veranderlike analise en AMMI-analise, sowel as die gebruik van hierargiese groeperings, het vier duidelike groepe ge"identifiseer wat gewissel het van vatbaar tot weerstandbiedend. Die AMMI-model is gebruik aangesien dit die hoofeffekte van die variansie-analise met die interaksie effekte van hoofkomponentanalise kombineer. Oor die algelmeen het Betta en sommige Betta-tipes goeie tot medium weerstand teen uitloop getoon, terwyl die basters Caritha en Carol en die suiwertelende Tugela en Tugela-DN swak weerstand getoon het.

The protection provided by the leaf rust resistance gene Lr34 against Puccinia recondita t. sp. trilici was studied in the field over two seasons. In leal-rust inoculated and tungicide-sprayed control plots, yield of RL6058, the 'Thateher' haekcross line with Lr34, was compared to that of the suseeptible cultivar 'Thatcher', Leaf rust severity remained low on RL6058 in both seasons, but was high on 'Thatcher'. The latent period ol wheat leaf rust isolate 3SA132 m flag leaves of RL6058 was 256 h longer than in 'Thatcher'. The uredinium density on 'Thatcher' was 14.4/cin~, compared to 3.7/cm-flag leaf surface on RL6058. Leaf rust infection of 'Thatcher' reduced the total grain yield per plot by 25.4 "A, and 1,000 kernel mass by 15.6 "/<). Leaf rust caused little or no damage on RL6058 and rusted plots outyielded the control plots by 0.3 "At. Seed weight of RL6058 was reduced by 0.7 7(1. Compared to previous greenhouse studies, the adult-plant resistanee eonlerred hy Lr34 is more clearly expressed in the field. Evaluation of milling and baking quality characteristics revealed that compared to 'Thatcher', RL6058 had a higher flour protein content, but that its milling, dough development and baking properties were inferior.

Changes in the genetic yield and quality potential of South African winter wheat cultivars since 1930 were investigated by means of canonical variate analysis . Yield potential improved by 87%, while test weight and protein percentage changed marginally . Flour colour improved mostly since 1965, but advancement of flour yield declined after 1984 . Dough strength increased since 1930, yet current levels of dough strength should not be exceeded . When compared to farinograph assessment of dough strength, mixograph dough development time appears to be a less sensitive indicator of variation in dough strength . Selection on the basis of mixograph dough development time only, could influence a breeder's perception of the dough quality profile of his breeding programme . Protein efficiency was maintained despite improvement in yield potential . Baking quality improved by 20% . The genetic winter wheat potential advanced significantly since 1930 in meeting the increased nutritional demands of the South African population .

The variation in the processing quality of South African winter wheat cultivars over growth environments is detrimental to its market value. Variation in protein content has previously been identified as a primary contributor to this variation and should therefore be considered in the interpretation of quality data presented during the cultivar release procedure. The aim of the study was to analyse such effects on the interpretation of quality data of advanced wheat lines. Our results indicated a distinctive segregation between entries having higher (;~~10%) and lower «10%) flour protein contents for the three critical phases of commercial processing. The incorporation of a range of localities where both protein levels are sufficiently represented, appeared to be of more importance than the number of harvest seasons over which the entry is evaluated. Finally, multivariate statistical techniques were used to compute user-friendly models for the objective characterisation of variation in milling and rheological quality of wheat lines. The interpretation of genotypic and environmentally related variation was also improved through graphical presentations. The application of these models within the context of deregulation of the wheat industry, is also demonstrated. Die onbestendige verwerkingskwaliteit van Suid-Afrikaanse winterkoringkultivars benadeel die markwaarde daarvan. Variasie in prote'ieninhoud, wat reeds in vorige studies aan onbestendige koringkwaliteit gekoppel is, behoort dus in die interpretasie van kwaliteitsdata vir kultivarvrystelling in ag geneem te word. Die doel van die studie was om sodanige effekte op die interpretasie van die kwaliteitsdata van gevorderde koringlyne na te gaan. Ons resultate het vir al drie die kritieke fases van kommersiele prosessering duidelike onderskeid tussen inskrywings met 'n hoer (~10%) en 'n laer «10%) meelprote'leninhoud getoon. Dit blyk dus dat vir die interpretasie van kwaliteitsdata, verteenwoordiging van 'n prote'lenreeks meer aandag verdien as bloot die nakoming van 'n vasgestelde aantallokaliteite. Laastens is van meerveranderlike statistiese metodes gebruik gemaak vir die ontwikkeling van beskrywende kwaliteitsmodelle om die maal-en bakkwaliteit van koringlyne objektief te beoordeel. Grafiese voorstellings is gebruik om die interpretasie van genetiese en omgewingsge'induseerde veranderlikheid te vergemaklik. Die aanwending van hierdie kwaliteitsmodelle is ook in die lig van van deregulering van die koringbedryf getoon.