The goal of the present study was to describe the clinical, haematological and ultrasonographic findings and treatment of 17 cattle with pyelonephritis. Fifteen cattle had an abnormal general condition, which varied in severity; five animals had signs of colic. The urine was brownish-red in 11 animals and cloudy in 13. Clumps of purulent material were seen in the urine of nine animals and clots of blood in two. The specific gravity was lower than normal in 13 animals and ranged from 1.005 to 1.020. A urine test strip revealed protein in 16 animals, blood in 16 and leukocytes in 12. Bacteriological examination of urine yielded Corynebacterium renale in 11 animals, Arcanobacter pyogenes in two and Escherichia coli in one. Rectal examination revealed abnormalities of the urinary tract in 11 animals; there was dilatation of the left ureter and/or enlargement of the left kidney in eight cases, and dilatation of the right ureter and/or enlargement of the right kidney in three others. The most frequent abnormal haematological finding was an increase in the serum concentrations of total protein, fibrinogen, urea and creatinine, a decreased haematocrit and a positive glutaraldehyde test. In 13 animals, ultrasonography via the rectum and right flank using a 5.0MHz transducer revealed dilatation of the right or left ureter, cystic lesions in one or both kidneys and dilatation of the renal sinus. Eight animals were euthanased or slaughtered at the owners' request or because of a poor prognosis. Nine (53%) animals were successfully treated; five received antibiotics and four underwent unilateral nephrectomy and antibiotic therapy. The treated animals were clinically healthy when discharged from the clinic 10-21 days after admission. A follow-up via telephone 8-24 months later revealed that none had experienced complications and all were in full production. In cattle with severe unilateral pyelonephritis, unilateral nephrectomy is the treatment of choice.
During parturition, uterine-derived prostaglandins (PG) play an outstanding role regarding the functional elimination of the corpus luteum and the promotion of uterine contraction. The rate-limiting enzyme cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), highly regulated in a cell-type and localization specific manner throughout pregnancy, is involved in uterine prostanoid production. Prostaglandins exert their effects via G-protein-coupled receptors. Distribution and cellular localization of these receptors are decisive factors for prostaglandin-mediated actions. Since both COX-2 and PG receptors have only been assessed during pregnancy in the cow, these parameters were localized immunohistochemically near term to evaluate their specific role at parturition. Thus, during two periods, segments of the intercaruncular uterine wall were collected from cows at slaughter being eight and nine months pregnant, from cattle during caesarean section, and after spontaneous calving. Results reveal that COX-2 was mainly localized in the cytoplasm of surface epithelial cells with a high expression in animals with induced parturition. The enzyme could also be found in lower concentrations within the glandular epithelium without any effect of gestational time or labour. In contrast to relaxant prostaglandin E receptor type 2 (EP2), not showing any change in all tissue layers observed, contractile prostaglandin F(2alpha) receptor (FP) was modulated during the peripartal period revealing a peak expression in animals with induced parturition. FP was localized in surface and glandular epithelial cells as well as in endometrial stroma and myometrial smooth muscle cells. Our study indicates that labour and induction of parturition may have an effect on amounts of immunohistochemically detectable COX-2 and FP. EP2 remains rather unchanged during the peripartal period. COX-2 and FP thus contribute via changes in amount and distribution to mechanisms associated with parturition. During parturition uterine derived prostaglandins (PG) play an outstanding role 2 regarding the functional elimination of the corpus luteum and the promotion of uterine 3 contraction. The rate-limiting enzyme Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), highly regulated in 4 a cell-type and localization specific manner throughout pregnancy, is involved in 5 uterine prostanoid production. Prostaglandins exert their effects via G protein-6 coupled receptors. Distribution and cellular localization of these receptors are 7 decisive factors for prostaglandin-mediated actions. Since both, COX-2 and PG 8 receptors have only been assessed during pregnancy in the cow, these parameters 9were localized immunohistochemically near term to evaluate their specific role at 10 parturition. Thus, during two periods, segments of the intercaruncular uterine wall 11 were collected from cows at slaughter being eight and nine months pregnant, from 12 cattle during caesarean section, and after spontaneous calving.
Zusammenfassung Gegenstand und Ziel: Diagnostik und chirurgische Behandlung eines odontogenen Tumors bei einer Kuh. Patient und Methode: Eine dreieinhalbjährige Braunvieh-Kuh zeigte chronisch reduzierte Fresslust und vermehrtes Zungenspiel. Bei der Untersuchung der Maulhöhle konnte unmittelbar aboral der verkürzten Backenzahnreihe des rechten Oberkiefers ein in Richtung Kieferhöhle ziehender Fistelkanal palpiert werden. Röntgenologisch fehlte der dritte Oberkiefermolar (M3) und ein ektopischer Backenzahn lag in Höhe der rechten Kieferhöhle. Zwischen dem zweiten Oberkiefermolaren (M2) und dem ektopischen Backenzahn befand sich eine rundliche Zone verminderter Knochendichte. Die kaudalen Wurzeln des zweiten Oberkiefermolaren (M2) erschienen geschädigt. Die computertomographische Untersuchung erlaubte die genauere Lokalisation des ektopischen Zahns und die dreidimensionale Abgrenzung der ausgedehnten Osteolysezone. Die Kortikalis des Tuber maxillae war ausgedünnt und unregelmäßig. Die Verdachtsdiagnose lautete Alveolarperiostitis des rechten zweiten Oberkiefermolaren mit ausgedehnter Osteomyelitis und möglicherweise sekundär infizierter ektopischer Zahnanlage des dritten Oberkiefermolaren. Ergebnisse: Die Entfernung des ektopischen Zahns sowie des veränderten M2 rechts erfolgte in Inhalationsnarkose über einen lateralen Zugang zum Tuber maxillae. Zusätzlich wurde viel nekrotisches Material aus der Osteolysezone entfernt und eine sie umgebende dickwandige, brüchige Kapsel abgelöst. Histologisch wies das entfernte Gewebe das charakteristische Bild eines ameloblastischen Fibrodentinoms auf. Die postoperative Phase war unter lokaler Wundbehandlung und Gabe von Antibiotika und Antiphlogistika unauffällig. Die Kuh entwickelte eine gute Fresslust und ansteigende Milchleistung und zeigte sich sieben Monate postoperativ klinisch unauffällig und bei ungestörtem Allgemeinbefinden. Schlussfolgerungen und klinische Relevanz: Odontogene Tumoren können beim Rind Ursache von Kaustörungen sein. Da sie meist gutartig sind, lassen sie sich erfolgreich chirurgisch behandeln.
Gegenstand: Ein sechs Tage altes Schaflamm mit hochgradig gestörtem Allgemeinbefinden und fehlendem Harnabsatz wurde zur Diagnostik in die Klinik für Fortpflanzungsmedizin der Universität Zürich eingeliefert. Material und Methoden: Neben der klinischen Untersuchung wurde eine Sonographie und eine Punktion des Abdomens unter sonographischer Kontrolle durchgeführt. Ergebnisse: In der Ultraschalluntersuchung ließ sich die Blase nicht, jedoch eine echoarme Flüssigkeit im Abdomen darstellen. Die Punktatflüssigkeit konnte als Harn identifiziert werden. Nach Euthanasie des Lamms bestätigte die Sektion eine Harnblasenruptur. Außerdem waren Apatitkonkremente in der Flexura sigmoidea der Harnröhre festzustellen. Schlussfolgerung: Die Harnblasenruptur entstand vermutlich in Folge einer Obstruktion der harnableitenden Wege durch einen Harnstein. Klinische Relevanz: Nicht nur bei älteren Schafen, sondern auch bei einem neugeborenen Lamm kann eine lebensbedrohliche Urolithiasis auftreten und sogar zur Blasenruptur führen. Die Sonographie ist für die Diagnosestellung der Blasenruptur hilfreich.
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