The liaison between Nitric oxide (NO) and phytohormones regulates a myriad of physiological processes at the cellular level. The interaction between NO and phytohormones is mainly influenced by NO-mediated post-translational modifications (PTMs) under basal as well as induced conditions. Protein S-nitrosylation is the most prominent and widely studied PTM among others. It is the selective but reversible redox-based covalent addition of a NO moiety to the sulfhydryl group of cysteine (Cys) molecule(s) on a target protein to form S-nitrosothiols. This process may involve either direct S-nitrosylation or indirect S-nitrosylation followed by transfer of NO group from one thiol to another (transnitrosylation). During S-nitrosylation, NO can directly target Cys residue (s) of key genes involved in hormone signaling thereby regulating their function. The phytohormones regulated by NO in this manner includes abscisic acid, auxin, gibberellic acid, cytokinin, ethylene, salicylic acid, jasmonic acid, brassinosteroid, and strigolactone during various metabolic and physiological conditions and environmental stress responses. S-nitrosylation of key proteins involved in the phytohormonal network occurs during their synthesis, degradation, or signaling roles depending upon the response required to maintain cellular homeostasis. This review presents the interaction between NO and phytohormones and the role of the canonical NO-mediated post-translational modification particularly, S-nitrosylation of key proteins involved in the phytohormonal networks under biotic and abiotic stresses.

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Objective. To explore the perceptions of preceptors about the performance of undergraduate pharmacy students during experiential placements in Australia, before and after curricular transformation. Methods. Twenty-six preceptors who had recently supervised students from the transformed curriculum and the previous curriculum were interviewed, using a semi-structured approach. A directed content analysis approach was used to analyze the transcripts. Results. Preceptors described students from the transformed curriculum as having improved professional skills, behaviors, and attitudes, and an increased ability to perform clinical activities, compared to students of the previous curriculum. Perceptions of the knowledge levels of the two cohorts varied. Preceptors perceived that students in the transformed curriculum had improved clinical knowledge and knowledge application. They expressed less frequently that students in the transformed curriculum had knowledge levels that were below their expectations. Conclusion.The results of this study suggest that curricular transformation with a focus on skill-based and active learning can improve the performance of pharmacy students in terms of their professional behaviors and attitudes, skills, knowledge, and clinical abilities, as perceived by preceptors.

We evaluated the clinical implications of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) markers and peritumoral immune cell in ltration in patients with biliary tract cancer (BTC) treated with gemcitabine plus cisplatin (GemCis). Forty-ve patients with advanced BTC who received GemCis were included as the study population. We conducted multiplex immunohistochemistry and examined EMT markers and their correlations with immune cell in ltrate at the invasive tumor margin. Study population was subdivided into two groups: twenty-four patients with short-term survival (SS) and 21 with long-term survival (LS).The density of tumor cells expressing epithelial marker E-cadherin (E-cadherin + CK + ) at the invasive tumor margin tended to be higher in the LS group than in the SS group (p = 0.065). The density of tumor cells expressing mesenchymal marker vimentin (vimentin + CK + ) was signi cantly higher in the SS group than in the LS group (p = 0.021). Accordingly, the density of E-cadherin − vimentin + CK + cells was also signi cantly higher in the SS group (p = 0.020). The density of vimentin + CK + cells was positively correlated with FoxP3 + CD4 + regulatory T-cells (r = 0.29, p = 0.047). EMT-related features were enriched in BTC patients with poor survival outcomes and were associated with the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment.