The recent decline in pollinator abundance is a cause of concern for sustaining global food production. Several common weeds of managed turfgrass systems attract honey bees and other wild pollinators. Since turfgrass often requires treatment with insecticides that harm bees, best practices are needed to prevent bees from visiting weed-infested turf areas that will be treated for insect pests. Weed control tactics can protect pollinator exposure to insecticides by reducing the floral resources afforded to bees from turfgrass weeds. Three field studies were conducted in 2021 and 2022 to evaluate the effect of various herbicides and herbicide-formulation constituent on pollinator foraging and white clover floral morphology in managed tall fescue turfgrass. Treatments included a nontreated control; MCPP; 2,4-D; dicamba; Trimec Classic™ (2,4-D, MCPP, dicamba); Speedzone™ (carfentrazone, 2,4-D, MCPP, dicamba); and a herbicide-formulation consituent (inert ingredients of Speedzone™). All response variables were evaluated for 8 days, starting from one day before treatment and ending 6 days after treatment (DAT). The herbicide-formulation constituent did not alter white clover flower density, floral discoloration, floral quality, or insect visitation compared to nontreated plots. Herbicides reduced flower density and floral quality equivalently, but MCPP discolored white clover floral tissue 16% d-1 and less than all other herbicides except dicamba. Floral quality completely declined in approximately 5 d following any herbicide treatment. Bee visitation to white clover infested turf increase three bees min-1 for every 100 white clover blooms m-2. Honey bees and other insects vacated herbicide-treated areas in less than 2 d, despite minimal effects on floral quality and density at that time. The data suggest that practitioners could apply insecticides 2 d after auxin herbicide treatment and avoid harm to pollinators, but additional work is needed to directly measure pollinator exposure following such treatments.

Allelopathy is a commonly recognized but not fully understood method that could be utilized for weed management. Controlled environment studies in a growth chamber were conducted at Virginia Tech's Glade Road Research Facility in Blacksburg, VA, to determine whether aqueous leaf or root extracts from two Lolium arundinaceum (Schreb) Darbysh (tall fescue) cultivars grown under different growing temperature conditions affected the seed germination and growth of Poa annua L. (annual bluegrass). Two cultivars ('Falcon III' and 'Kentucky 31') of L. arundinaceum were maintained at cold (day/night 4.4:-1.1˚C) or warm (day/night 32.2:26.7˚C) conditions for 20 d. Leaf and root extracts were collected via destructive methods and applied to P. annua seed placed in petri dishes. The results indicated that aqueous leaf extracts of L. arundinaceum could inhibit P. annua seed germination, though there was no significant germination reduction with the root extract of L. arundinaceum. The results suggest that temperature may interact with other factors, such as L. arundinaceum cultivar, to influence its allelopathic potency on P. annua seed germination. These results further demonstrate that different cultivars of L. arundinaceum might have different allelopathic effects on P. annua germination. INTRODUCTIONPoa annua L. (annual bluegrass) is considered the most troublesome weed in managed turfgrass systems throughout the United States, as indicated by a nationwide survey conducted by the Weed Science Society of America (Van Wychen, 2020). Turfgrass managers have historically relied on herbicides for annual bluegrass control, and the weed now ranks third among all herbicide-resistant weed species globally, with resistance to at least nine different herbicide sites of action (Heap, 2021). The growing threat of herbicide resistance has increased the need for alternative management practices for P. annua control. Turfgrass cultural practices, such as cultivar selection, fertility programs, mowing heights Abbreviations: DAT, days after treatment.