This file was dowloaded from the institutional repository Brage NIH -brage.bibsys.no/nih Hanstad, D. V., Rønsen, O., Andersen, S. S., Steffen, K., Engebretsen, L. AbstractBackground: The development of strategies to prevent illnesses before and during

In this article we explain and reflect critically upon the athlete whereabouts reporting system in top-level sports initiated by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA). This system makes it compulsory for athletes who are in a registered testing pool in their national and/or international federation to submit information about their whereabouts. In this way, athletes are required to be accessible for no advance notice doping tests all year round. If such information is not submitted, or if the information provided is incorrect and athletes cannot be found when a no advance notice test is supposed to be taken (a missed test), they may be given a warning. In most sports and national anti-doping regulations, three such warnings within 18 months may be regarded as a violation of the doping regulations and may lead to exclusion from sport for a period of between three months and two years. The system is controversial. In this article we will examine the key objections to the system and, more specifically, objections connected to ideas of justice and athletes' autonomy and right to selfdetermination. The argument will be a practical ethical one informed by a survey on attitudes towards the whereabouts system carried out among 236 athletes belonging to the registered testing pool in Norway. We conclude that if the basic principles of anti-doping work are 1 accepted, WADA's whereabouts system represents nothing other than an efficient extension of this work.

There are indications that commercial stakeholders are reluctant to associate with sports involved in doping scandals. A survey of 925 Norwegian sports consumers supports this reluctance, showing no tolerance for pure doping substances. The majority were in favour of tough responses to athletes and sports involved in doping. Older respondents were more negative towards doping. Those who were strongly interested in sport were more willing than others to accept doping.

This paper argues that a reflexive, late modern volunteer culture coexists with a collectivist, traditional one at major sporting events. Those who regularly volunteer at such events and are affiliated with organized sport tend to be older and male, and have higher incomes. Those who are volunteering for the first time and are unaffiliated with organized sport resemble reflexive volunteers to a greater extent: they tend to be younger and female, and their incomes are lower than those of regular sports volunteers. A factor analysis identified sports interest, social motives and qualification/work-related motives as three motivational dimensions for volunteering at sporting events. The first two intrinsic dimensions were more important to event regulars and those affiliated with organized sports. Building qualifications and work-related experience were more important motives for first-timers and unaffiliated volunteers, indicating that these volunteers view event volunteering as an appropriate way of investing in social and human capital. The data come from an Internet-based survey (n=800, response rate 77) conducted prior to the 2010 test event for the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships in Oslo, Norway.

This file was dowloaded from the institutional repository Brage NIH -brage.bibsys.no/nih Hanstad, D. V., Parent, M., Kristiansen, E. (2013 Program. The YOG were thus closer to the Olympic ideals than the OG. We further discuss this and other paradoxes and disconnects requiring further debate and analysis.