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Internal heat exchangers are often employed in solar thermal applications as well as in many other applications that involve heat, and, for the most part, consist of metallic materials (copper, stainless steel). Corrugated stainless steel tubes are easy to assemble, and are commonly used in various storage geometries. In order to significantly reduce costs, alternative materials, such as plastics, can function as excellent substitutes. Alternative heat exchangers for the following examinations using various materials and an extrusion process were produced. Subsequently, the heat exchangers were examined in regards to the heat they transfer. The heat transfer coefficient and the thermal conductivity of all materials were determined.

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An increasing population with the need of new buildings in combination with global warming is important issues ahead. Hence, for defining a clear path towards a low and zero-emission building stock in the EU by 2050, as recently stated by the new EPBD recast, Nearly Zero Energy Buildings are one of many necessary measures for climate change mitigation. Finding cost optimal solutions are important, where a short time perspective and narrow concept for evaluation may be wrong. This study presents a Net Zero Energy Building in Sweden, with verified plus energy performance in the operation phase. Furthermore, it presents an economic analysis, based on life cycle costing (LCC), where additional cobenefits are included. The study shows that the discounted, cumulative annual cost reductions due to energy savings may exceed the initial extra costs after more than 20 years. However, when including additional green values and increased property value, breakeven may occur already after roughly five years.