No abstract

Low-carbon governance at the county level has been an important issue for sustainable development due to the large contributions to carbon emission. However, the experiences of carbon emission governance at the county level are lacking. This paper discusses 5 carbon emission governance zones for 1753 counties. The zoning is formed according to a differentiated zoning method based on a multi-indicator evaluation to judge if the governance had better focus and had formulated a differentiated carbon emission governance system. According to zoning results, there is 1 high-carbon governance zone, 2 medium-carbon governance zones, and 2 low-carbon zones. The extensive high-carbon governance zone and medium-carbon zones are key governance areas, in which the counties are mainly located in the northern plain areas and southeast coastal areas and have contributed 51.88% of total carbon emissions. This paper proposes differentiated governance standards for each indicator of the 5 zones. The differentiated zoning method mentioned in this paper can be applied to other governance issues of small-scale regions.

Low-carbon management plays an important role in mitigating climate change and adapting to it. Localities should adopt differentiated low-carbon management policies according to the state of their environment. To help formulate specific and realistic low-carbon management policies, this paper took into account specific low-carbon management sectors. Likewise, it carefully considered the differences in various resource endowments and proposed a method for evaluating low-carbon management efficiency and potential. The method was applied to an empirical study from 2015 conducted on 1771 Chinese counties. Significant spatial heterogeneity was found during the research. The counties bordering central and Western China and the ones in the southeast coastal areas showed higher efficiency in the industrial sector. Southern and Northern China had higher efficiency in the housing and transportation sector, respectively. Moreover, counties in remote areas showed more potential in the industrial sector. Central China had higher potential in the housing sector, while counties bordering provinces had more potential in the transportation sector. Therefore, Chinese counties were divided into eight management zones where differentiated management strategies were identified to shape low-carbon management policies.

Objective: To determine the antibiogram of tracheal aspirate cultures (TACS) among intubated children aged 2 months to 5 years old with very severe community acquired pneumonia (CAP). Methodology: A retrospective chart review using total enumerative sampling. Results: 66 out of the 343 patients had positive TACS. The top 5 most common isolates were Klebsiella pneumoniae(37.8%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (25.7%), Acinetobacter baumanii (15.1%), Enterobacter cloacae (12.1%) and Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) (6%). The gram-negative isolates were highly sensitive to amikacin and carbapenems. Majority of these patients (92.42%) had history of Pentavalent immunization. Majority of patients who were TACS positive had history of antibiotic use prior to admission (92.42%), mostly second-generation cepahalosporin (cefuroxime, 32.42%). High rates of resistance to ampicillin and gentamicin were noted for patients with Klebsiella pneumoniae and Enterobacter cloacae isolates. Majority of patients with Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumanii and MRSA expired. Conclusion/Recommendation: Majority of those patients with positive isolates had MDR organisms thus for patients with very severe CAP who already received antibiotic as outpatient, broad spectrum antibiotics should be considered as empiric therapy and TACS be done on all patients with very severe CAP.