Flavonoids are important secondary metabolites involved in plant development and environmental responses. Sex differences in flavonoids are common in plants. Broussonetia papyrifera is a dioecious plant that is rich in flavonoids. However, few studies have been done on its molecular mechanism, especially sex differences. In the present study, we performed an integrated transcriptomics and metabolomics analysis of the sex differences in the accumulation of flavonoids in B. papyrifera leaves at different developmental stages. In general, flavonoids accumulated gradually with developmental time, and the content in female plants was higher than that in male plants. The composition of flavonoids in female and male plants was similar, and 16 kinds of flavonoids accumulated after flowering. Correspondingly, a significant enrichment of differentially expressed genes and metabolites was observed in the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway. WGCNA and qRT-PCR analyses identified several key genes regulating the accumulation of flavonoids, such as those encoding CHS, CHI and DFR. In addition, 8 TFs were found to regulate flavonoid biosynthesis by promoting the expression of multiple structural genes. These findings provide insight into flavonoid biosynthesis in B. papyrifera associated molecular regulation.

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Heavy metal pollution is a worldwide problem that harms both the environment and human health. Wherein, microorganisms play important roles in remediation process. In this study, a strain XK11 with high resistance to both antimony Sb(III) and cadmium Cd(II) was screened from the mineral slag and was identified as Penicillium amphipolaria by molecular identification. The strain was resistant to heavy metals Cd and Sb, and had a high phosphate solubilization capacity. The results showed that the removal rate of XK11 to Cd and Sb solution could reached 45.6% and 34.6% respectively. When initial pH0 and adsorption time constant, XK11 could achieve the maximum removal rate of heavy metals Cd and Sb under different initial heavy metal concentration. The initial heavy metal concentration had a greater influence on biosorption than the initial pH0 and adsorption time. The findings demonstrated the potential of XK11 in the remediation of heavy metal Cd and Sb pollution, identifying potential materials and treatment strategies for heavy metal remediation.