Memory consolidation and reconsolidation have been shown to require new gene expression. N-glycosylation, one of the major post-translational modifications, is known to play essential or regulatory roles in protein function. A previous study suggested that N-glycosylation is required for the maintenance of long-term potentiation in hippocampal CA1 neurons. However, the role of de novo N-glycosylation in learning and memory, such as memory consolidation and reconsolidation, still remains unclear. Here, we show critical roles for N-glycosylation in the consolidation and reconsolidation of contextual fear memory in mice. We examined the effects of pharmacological inhibition of N-glycosylation in the hippocampus on these memory processes using three different inhibitors (tunicamycin, 1-deoxynojirimycin, and swainsonine) that block the enzymatic activity required for N-glycosylation at different steps. Microinfusions of the N-glycosylation inhibitors into the dorsal hippocampus impaired long-term memory (LTM) formation without affecting short-term memory (STM). Similarly, this pharmacological blockade of N-glycosylation in the dorsal hippocampus also disrupted post-reactivation LTM after retrieval without affecting post-reactivation STM. Additionally, a microinfusion of swainsonine blocked c-fos induction in the hippocampus, which is observed when memory is consolidated. Our observations showed that N-glycosylation is required for the consolidation and reconsolidation of contextual fear memory and suggested that N-glycosylation contributes to the new gene expression necessary for these memory processes.

In the present study, two styles of ancient tombs, namely, Fun-kyu tomb located in Japan and Tu-Dun tomb in China were introduced first from the archaeological and cultural point of view. They are important historical patrimonies and it is archaeologically inferred that the style of Fun-kyu tomb originated from that of Tu-Dun tomb. In order to make clear the geotechnical properties and the construction methods of these man-made earthworks, geotechnical in situ investigations and laboratory tests were conducted on Yoshinogari Fun-kyu tomb in Japan and four Tu-Dun tombs in China during the two periods of 1993 and 2000 2001. The results of these investigations and tests will be introduced and discussed here.

We have developed inspection method to diagnose 七 ank bottom plate by ul も rasQnic testing ( UT )without tank opening ． This paper describes a part of our result of study whieh is the screening method 加 identi 〔 y corrosion area by long range

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