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Since controller teams are in charge of en-route air traffic control, team cooperation is a key issue for good control performance. We conducted ethnographic field observation at the Tokyo Area Control Center and then analyzed the obtained data to develop a cognitive model of team cooperation in en-route air traffic control. We segmented conversational records, behavioral records, and so on by control unit, and then clarified relations between the segments and identified expert knowledge and judgment behind them. Cognitive processes of controller teams were reconstructed based on a concept of distributed cognition. The analysis revealed that the mutual belief model is applicable to team cooperation processes, the role assignment of tasks within a controller team is implicit and that control plans are implemented smoothly once team situation awareness has been established. A cognitive model of controllers' team cooperation has been constructed based on these findings.

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Ethnographic field observation was carried out at the Tokyo Air Traffic Control Center to obtain video, radio communication, verbal conversation, and journal records. Having analyzed these data based on the cognitive model of a radar controller of our previous work and a notion of Team Situation Awareness (TSA), a cognitive model of an ATC team has been established. It was revealed that instantiation of TSA heavily owes to verbal communication but that role assignment among team members is implicitly and smoothly determined once TSA has been established. Team cognitive process of ATC controllers is therefore well described by TSA development and Naturalistic Decision-Making (NDM).