We show a direct connection between a cellular automaton and integrable nonlinear wave equations. We also present the N-soliton formula for the cellular automaton. Finally, we propose a general method for constructing such integrable cellular automata and their N-soliton solutions.

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A new soliton cellular automaton is proposed. It is defined by an array of an infinite number of boxes, a finite number of balls and a carrier of balls. Moreover, it reduces to a discrete equation obtained from discrete modified Korteweg-de Vries equation through a limit. Algebraic expression of soliton solutions is also proposed.

When continuous symmetry is spontaneously broken, there appear Nambu-Goldstone modes (NGMs) with linear or quadratic dispersion relation, which is called type-I or type-II, respectively. We propose a framework to count these modes including the coefficients of the dispersion relations by applying the standard Gross-Pitaevskii-Bogoliubov theory. Our method is mainly based on (i) zero-mode solutions of the Bogoliubov equation originated from spontaneous symmetry breaking and (ii) their generalized orthogonal relations, which naturally arise from well-known Bogoliubov transformations and are referred to as "σ-orthogonality" in this paper. Unlike previous works, our framework is applicable without any modification to the cases where there are additional zero modes, which do not have a symmetry origin, such as quasi-NGMs, and/or where spacetime symmetry is spontaneously broken in the presence of a topological soliton or a vortex. As a by-product of the formulation, we also give a compact summary for mathematics of bosonic Bogoliubov equations and Bogoliubov transformations, which becomes a foundation for any problem of Bogoliubov quasiparticles. The general results are illustrated by various examples in spinor Bose-Einstein condensates (BECs). In particular, the result on the spin-3 BECs includes new findings such as a type-I-type-II transition and an increase of the type-II dispersion coefficient caused by the presence of a linearly-independent pair of zero modes.